The Pursuit Of Gender Equality Theology Religion Essay

The Pursuit Of Gender Equality Theology Religion demonstrateThough no tradition do-nothing be considered representative of totally pietys, this essay willing focus on Islam and whether it should be considered bad for wo workforces phylogenesis and the seeking of sexuality comparison. Although focussing on Islam, it will become distinctly that in that location is no single manifestation of this pietism and, and so, some realise it in a way which is bad for womens education. The recent shooting of 14 year old Malala Yousafzai for promoting the education of girls in Pakistan is one of mevery dread occurrences use by the western sandwich media to paint a sombre moving picture of women in Moslem countries (BBC 2012). The essay will begin by demonstrating that the publications surrounding this topic leads us to assume that there is one ride of womens culture and one model of Islam and that the ii be at odds. Next, it will argue that this trust is the result of Isla mophobia and more specifically gendered Islamophobia which has increased since the family 11th attacks (Zine 2006). Gendered Islamophobia relates to the negative stereotypes presented by Hesperian media and institutions of vulnerable masked women (ibid.). The uncreated purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that Islam has been considered bad for womens organic evolution because it bring downms to contradict westernern ideas about gender embodyity, but that this is only part of the picture. It will cozy up the fact that there has been a obviateion, from at heart Islam, of the fundamentalist Moslem cognition of women. It will argue that Islam has the potential to be good for womens development as Moslem women keep back been establishing new spaces of discussion and opportunity deep down their religion and are rubbish against the negative stereotypes placed upon them.In recent decades, the westbound perception of Islam has been almost entirely influenced by the increa se in what the west secernates as Moslem Fundamentalism. Although I acknowledge that views within the western sandwich serviceman are not uniform, the bourn will be used to describe the mainstream political and developmental talk abouts on Islam and Moslem women. Fundamentalism is a delicate term which refers to the traditionalist, apparently misogynistic interpretation of the record book and the enforcement of Islamic equity, Shariah. Shariah has increasingly been used to just nowify the oppression of women in all areas of their lives and child marriage and the veil are two of the more visible examples (Othman 2006 Hopkins and Patel 2006).The conservative interpretations of the Quran instantaneously oppose traditional western development discourse, exemplified in the universal aims of the fall in Nations (UN) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and Millennium maturation Goal 3 (MDG 3) to Promote Gender Equality and E mpower Women (United Nations realise unknown a United Nations date unknown b). Feminist notions of womens rights ground on equality between men and women are central to the development of women and bills and policies much(prenominal) as CEDAW and MDG 3, regardless of religion. It is crystallise that this western sandwich approach is at odds with the treatment of women required by some conservative forms of Islam. This leads to the assumption that Islam, as a whole, is a definitive barrier against womens devil to mankind rights, such as the right to immunity, the right to education and the right to caoutchouc (United Nations 1995a) and is therefore bad for womens development.However, the views traditionally held by the West are criticised for a variety of reasons and are, in fact, thought to be detrimental to Islamic women. Western policy depends on a simplistic and oer-generalised version of Islam based on the culturally-rooted traditions of the dominant minority which are seen as the defining feature of this religion. It therefore employs profane, feminist ideals in severalise feat to free women from this supposedly remote religion (Tomalin forthcoming). Although some Moslems are fighting against the veil, former(a)s challenge Western political orientation and defend their right to appease with what the West would conceive as root Islamic practices. They claim that the Western model itself has created oppressive roles for women by cut down women to their physical appearance and they believe that they could choose to cover themselves in suppose to be defined by their brains, not their bodies (Afshar 2000.) They challenge the generalised Western notion that the veil is an unequivocal sign of oppression and argue sort of that they are examples of a womans agency over how her body is to be represented, which frees them from familiar objectification (ibid.). They view any opposition to this choice as an attack on their civil liberties and huma n rights (Critelli 2010). Nevertheless, this approach does not challenge the root fuss of the objectification of women. These women are merely resigned to the fact that gender relations will unceasingly be based on sexuality and it is up to women to sacrifice their freedom in order to be protected from men. This does show, however, just how complex Islam and Islamic finis are and bring outs the need for dialogue and cooperation rather than evidently display Islam through a western lens.Islam is unlike religions which read developed in the West, such as Christianity, as it has no one authority that monopolises spiritual meaning (Barlas 2004). It is a multifaceted religion which draws on more than the culture and traditions it is famed for and the Quranic scriptures and legal interpretations of Shariah law also play crucial roles in the lives of Muslims. Islam cannot easily be conceptualised and, therefore, Western institutions fail in their attempt to do so in such a simplis tic way. The absence seizure of a critical attempt to come to terms with Islam as a heterogeneous tradition in development discourse, and the universality of bills such as CEDAW and MDG 3, deepen pre-existing inequalities and strip Muslims of their own vision of womens rights (Bradley 2011).Traditional feminist development appears to offer no way to achieve human rights and wellbeing for women other than through the Western model, which implies that women in the West are liberated and Muslim women are trapped. This approach is destined to fail since it alienates Muslim women who may be equally against radical ideologies but are not willing to reject their religious identity (Jawad 1998). Some Muslims view traditional development as a threat to Islam and this has produced increased hostility towards Western institutions (Adamu 1999). It is counterproductive to continue to view Islam in this way, as it will only ever be portrayed as a negative force against women and prevent any meani ngful cooperative action from being taken.Although there is a end to misrepresent or ignore Islam in the field of development, some organisations are beginning to engage with this religion. Oxfam is a worldly organisation that arranged two workshops in 2004 and 2006 to determine the opportunities found within Islam (Hopkins and Patel 2006). These workshops confirmed that the stereotypical portrayals of Muslim women as helpless victims often make them invisible in the make of development. Moreover, international human rights treaties are viewed as a display of Western arrogance and are dismissed for being culturally irrelevant and inappropriate with Islam (ibid.). Therefore, Oxfam is approaching development through the eyes of the recipients and use quotes from the Quran to savor to prove that their vision of womens rights and equality are compatible with the teachings of Islam. In addition, the secular organisation the Womens Action Forum (WAF) in Pakistan is increasingly engag ing with conservative versions of religion, as they consider this the only way to truly promote spay in Pakistan (Pearson and Tomalin 2007). Including Islam in their fight for womens rights shows that they are engaging with women on their take and in a language they understand, rather than undermining their culture using Western, secular methods. Both Oxfam and WAF are open about this engagement being a strategy. However, it is not clear whether they are doing so because it is the only way to antagonise the oppressive dimensions of Islam, or whether they rattling believe that Islam can contribute to womens rights. Nevertheless, it is clear that both of these organisations understand that issues of faith and gender are intrinsically link up and that to criticise Islam as bad for womens development, would be to ignore the reality of Muslim womens lives.The notion of Islamic womens lib is used to describe the way in which women are using aspects of their religion to counter the I slamist aged interpretations of conservative Muslims and the gendered Islamophobia these have created in the West (Kirmani and Phillips 2011). Islamic feminists reject the imposition of Western, secular approaches which they see as reflecting imperialist ideologies. They believe that they have the right to participate in an understanding of Islam and that this right to autonomy is being denied to them both by fundamentalists and the West (Anwar 2001). Islamic feminism calls for Muslim women to reclaim their religion by reinterpreting the Quran in order to establish the authentic foundations of their religion. Islamic feminism states that the venerable culture of pre-Islamic Arabia heavily influenced modern Islamic law and states that Islam should not be judged for the oppression caused by the traditions carried out by Muslim people, as umpteen of these actions are also forbidden in the Quran. At the fourth demesne Conference on Women, the Prime Minister of Pakistan and the first women elected to the transfer of a Muslim state, Benazir Bhutto (Bostan 2011), proclaimed that Muslim women have a limited responsibility to help distinguish between Islamic teachings and social taboos spun by the traditions of patriarchal society (cited in United Nations 1995b para. 14). Thus, it is culture, not Islam, that is bad for women and Islamic feminists are working towards a distinction of the two and are fighting for rights on their terms.There are various versions of Islamic feminism. The first believes that Islam is not bad for the pursuit of womens equality and uses the Quranic teaching to re-educate Muslims that inequality is not prescribed by their faith (Jawad 1998). Although sharing the common goal with the West of achieving equality between the sexes, these Islamic feminists have different visions of how to achieve equality as well as different motivations from conventional development, which is viewed as drenched in neo-colonialism. This type of development i mplies that in order to achieve equality and retrieve to rights, Muslim women must reject their religion. However, some Islamic feminists claim that they can be a Muslim, a woman and equal. Sisters in Islam (SIS), for example, is a Muslim womens organisation established in 1988 in Malaysia to promote the equal rights of women from within an Islamic framework (Bostan 2011). They draw from parts of the Quran that assert that men and women are equal and that men have no priority over access to education and that Muslims are to marry of free will, for example (Jawad 1998). primaeval to their mission is the belief that feminist interpretations of the Quran are the true Islam and they destroy Shariah law on the ground that it is human derived and not heaven-sent (Mashour 2005 Ahmed-Ghosh 2008). This conviction has put SIS at the forefront of pressures to change family laws in Malaysia and in lobbying for womens equality and rights (Bostan 2011 Ahmed-Ghosh 2008). The view that Islam is good for women and the pursuit of equality is the whimsical force behind SIS and, therefore, Islam cannot be dismissed for being detrimental to women as it depends on ones definition of what Islam is.Another type of Islamic feminism challenges the view that equality can be achieved at all. Certain Islamic feminists believe that Western women forfeit their biologically determined roles in order to be more like men but never actually achieving equality (Afshar 2000). These feminists see the Western vision of womens development as a flawed model and see no reason that they should adopt it. It could be argued, therefore, that striving for equality is bad for women and what is in fact needed is equity. In Iran, Malaysia and other parts of Asia, the equality versus equity debate is prominent in Islamic feminism (Ahmed-Ghosh 2008 Foley 2004). This type of feminism believes that since women are not the same as men, equality can never be achieved. Instead of the individualist priorities o f equality, which encourage the breakdown of the family, communitarian rights found in the Quran are deemed to feed women rights while staying true to their biologically determined roles (Foley 2004). They state that the Quran grants them equal but different rights, such as the right to be provided for when pregnant (ibid. Ahmed-Ghosh 2008). This type of interpretation of Islam separates what is good for women from gender equality. Therefore, if Islam is bad for equality it does not necessarily mean that it is bad for women. This version of Islamic feminism would discipline with the conventional secular approach that suggests that equality can only be discussed in secular terms and not within the framework of Islam. However, this simply means that they believe that the different but equally valid pursuit of equity is needed within Islam.Both secular and Muslim critics of Islamic feminism continue to strip Muslim women of opportunity. It is thought that the term Islamic feminism i s oxymoronic since Islam can never been in favour of women. Moghissi, for example, asks How could a religion based on gender hierarchy be adopted as the framework for struggle for gender democracy and womens equality? (1999 126). Moreover, she argues that Shariah law is inherently discriminatory against women and is contrasting with human rights based on equality. However, concerns such as these are based on one view of Islam, lessen it to a narrow and negative conception which will further delegitimise the leave made by Muslim women. In addition, feminist groups such as SIS call for the rewriting and modernising of Shariah law to include gender equality rights. Therefore, opposition to them appears negated by the incorrect assumption that Islam cannot change. In addition, if Islam is incompatible with gender equality, this simply reinforces the feminist argument in favour of equity. However, there is also a tendency to handle of Islamic feminism as if it too had only one form. Islamic feminists in general have been criticised from within Islam on the grounds that they have no right to declare about Islam because they are not properly educated in Muslim schools (Othman 2006). However, this once again discriminates against women who can never be part of the patriarchal hierarchy put in place to ensure the continued involvement of men as the deciders of this religion. There is no consensus as to what Islam and whose Islam is the right Islam (Anwar cited in Hefner 2001 227) and Islamic feminists truly believe that there is a place for all interpretations of womens rights within Islam.This essay questioned whether the human rights promoted by CEDAW and MDG 3 should be treated as universal and the implications on women and development in Islam. This essay has show that Islam is not a static phenomenon of patriarchy and oppression and that gendered Islamophobia only serves to wane Muslim womens struggle. Equally, there is no unique model of what is good for w omens development and Islam has only been perceived as bad for women because some interpretations contradict Western discourse. Contrary to the belief that Islam is bad for women, it has been shown that Islam is also a feminist resource. Islamic feminists must be commended for rejecting fundamentalism and the dominant secular Western development discourse and fighting for rights on their own terms. They battle the culturally-created element of their religion by using the historical texts to claim and defend the rights of women guaranteed to them in the Quran. The varieties found within Islamic feminism and conservative interpretations are all living forms of Islam which highlight the complexity of this religion and development institutions would avoid dangerous generalisations if they accepted this complexity and engaged with, rather than dismiss, Islamic feminism. However, it is also important to understand that Islam is just one part of womens identities. Therefore, it is vital t hat Muslim women are able to speak out on national and international scales in order for them to access the rights they want and deserve. It is clear that Islam is both part of the problem and part of the effect for Muslim women and, therefore, what is good for womens development must be defined by the women themselves.Word count 2735

Physiological Changes Of Aging Biology Essay

physiologic Changes Of maturement Biology EssayAging does not give a good feeling to most benevolent beings because of the diseases and problems associated with it. History has it that most mortals require always tried to stave strike ripening and death. The affluent often seek lamb cell gibe in medical centers in search of youthfulness. Many lot choose mega doses of vitamin E all in the hope of attaining the fountain of youth. Aging is the unbroken and irreversible decline in the efficiency of several physiologic processes. It is considered to mastermind once the reproductive phase of life has passed (Lata, 2007). In actual point, age starts as a developmental process starts at conception. In young times, aging has sire a deeply rooted kind answer with anti-aging therapies taking the center stage in the magazines, newspapers and the general media. The etiology of aging is important to be understood only if it is more crucial to part the normal physiological cha nges from the changes brought nearly by diseases. Individuals experience the physiological changes contraryly. principal(prenominal) proboscisPhysiological changes arise with aging in all the clement organ system. Progressive functional decline and the gradual deterioration of the physiological with increase in age include a decrease in productiveness and sacking of vi competency. The aging person becomes vulnerable to diseases and become persuasibleCardio-vascular systemThe heart muscles especially on the left ventricle become weak. The heart valves degenerate and are calcificated. The artery walls cease to be elastic. This loss of elasticity is also know as arteriosclerosis. The cardiac output and baroreceptor esthesia substantially decrease. The decrease in fund flow leads to reduction in stamina. The hepatic and renal functions are also lessen. The nourishment of the cells gradually becomes less. The blood pressure response to volume depletion, standing and heart block s becomes afflicted (Boss, 1981).respiratory systemThe lung tissue and the airways become less elastic and the cilia activity is reduced. The ingestion and exchange of oxygen is decreased. The muscles of the rib cage wear out olibanum reducing the ability of the person to breath deeply expel ampere-second dioxide or even cough. The perfusion/ventilation mismatch is a common occurrent and it exits in reduced stamina with fatigue and shortness in breathing. spontaneous cavityMost aging individuals experience loss in drum and tissues around the mouth whitethorn be infected with diseases. As a result of infections, more than 50 percent of people who are preceding(prenominal) 60 years of age loose their teeth especially those who are not keen on the health of their mouth. These lead the individual to be choosy about the food they consume. The choice of food that is favourable to slew lead to reduction in utilization of fruits and vegetables that are high in dietary fiber.Muscul o-skeletal system on that point is generalized wear of all the muscles in the body accompanied by replacement of the muscle tissue by fat deposits. This has the effect of loss of some muscle strength and tone. more than specific implication of this is significant reduction in the ability to roost deeply. The gastro-intestinal activity is reduced and can lead to bladder incontinence or constipation. Calcium is lost and bones generally become less dense. This whitethorn result to osteoporosis and reduction in ability to bear weight. As a consequence, the chances of spontaneous fractures are increase. The vertebrae can calcify resulting in postural changes. Body joints also experience change. The degenerative inflammation of the joints, also know as arthritis, is a common persistent condition among the elderly.Gastrointestinal systemAs age increases, the stomach cells ability to secrete digestive juice is reduced. The discrimination of hydrochloric acid, saliva and digestive enzymes decreases. This has the effect of substitutence with digestion of protein. There is decrease of secernment of intrinsic factor which is crucial for absorption of vitamin B12. The changes may lead to scotched swallowing, gastrointestinal distress and one may experience delayed empty of the stomach. The small intestine becomes less able to absorb some nutrients. There have been cases where the elderly suffer from cramps and even diarrhea after overwhelming dairy products containing lactose. This may be as a result of escape of lactase. Constipation may be experienced as a result of distorted gastrointestinal spontaneous movements, inactivity and weak muscle (webdietitian.com, 2010). sex activitySexual performance and desire may be a man even with aging. However, the frequency may diminish. Changes that are experienced by women as they age include atrophy of the ovarian, uterine vaginal tissues with a significant decrease in vaginal fluid production resulting in modify vaginal mucosa. Women also experience menopause with diverse hormonal changes. Physiological changes in men include reduction in production of sperms and the prostatic increase in size. The sperm count is reduced and the viability is reduced. There is decreased libido and ejaculation is delayed. For twain men and women, more stimulation becomes a requisite for them to become aroused and even more time to achieve an orgasm. climacteric is one of the main indications of aging. It is among the changes that are apparent in relation to age-related changes. It occurs callable to the disappearance of oocytes from the ovary. Most women after menopause experience hot flashes or vasomotor instability.Sensory changesIn order to gather information, synthesis and internalize, intelligences prank a central determination. The ability to take part in social interactions is affected by the senses. With age, there occur changes in vision. At about forty to fifty years, the pupil starts to decrease in size. The response to stir up is decreased. As a result, the amount of illumination required by the aging person is increased as compared to a younger person. Focusing for such(prenominal) a person takes longer and there are significantly higher(prenominal) chances of nearsightedness. There occurs loss of accommodation which makes it hard to read. Reading from a shut distance may become difficult, a condition also known as resbyopia. It can be corrected by putting on glasses with convex lenses. The lens of the eye may start boss and yellowing. Once this happens, light is diffracted, the depth perception is decreased, sensitivity to glare is increased and it becomes hard to distinguish pastel colors. Change in hearing ability also occurs with age. The sensitivity to high frequency tones decrease. The ability to differentiate convertible pitches decrease due to changes in the cochlear hair cells and bones of the cozy ear. The other significant sensory change is in smell and sen se of taste. It is unconditional to note that the two are interrelated and equally important. They are both crucial for eating and checking for hazards in the environment. They are useful for detecting blighted food, fumes and smoke. later on the age of eighty, the reduction in the number of taste buds leads to a decline in the ability to taste. whatever elderly people experience a drastic decline in their ability to smell. This unremarkably results from disease or blockage of the olfactory receptors in the upper sinus.After the age of twenty five every human being losses side cells. With time, this results in reduction in efficiency of nerve transmission which impact on coordination and response time. However, seek has shown that these physiological and anatomical changes limitedly impair the actual intellectual functioning related to the process of aging (Lata, 2007). news program is associated with a wide range of abilities that gives one the avenue to make sense of exp eriences. They include the ability to sound off conceptually, compreh decision new information, and make keen-witted decisions and verbal fluency amongst others. Some abilities such as the ability to think abstractly are biologicly refractory and are known as Fluid Intelligence. There are those intellectual abilities that reflect the skills and knowledge an individual has gained through life experiences. These abilities are known as Crystallized intelligence. Tests on intelligence have shown somehow poorer performance on by former(a) persons on fluid intelligence. There are indications that there is little or no difference on tests of crystallized intelligence. Reduced efficiency of nerve transmission in the brain result in poor affect of information and loss of information during the transmission may be unholy for the poor performance in tests on older people (Magalhaes, 2008). nature changesThe best aspect of change that has been documented in regard to temper change due t o aging is increased preoccupation with ones inner self. These include greater attention to individual feelings and attention to own(prenominal) feelings and experiences and reduction in extraversion. Another aspect that has been observed is gender role identity. Men tend to be more nurturing, affiliation seeking and communicatory as they advance in age. Women tend to be more achievement-oriented and instrumental. conclusionMany of the interlinked physiological changes are as complex as the biological processes of the body. Even though there has been a progressively monumental research in aging but the middle ground on the possible action of aging on one specific aspect is yet to be established. Physiological changes do not occur uniformly for all individuals but are jointly affected by genetic and environmental factors. This fact further heightens the difficulty of finding a universal theory regarding aging. frequent in this case means what the human race is involved in terms o f the global-aging phenomenon. The temptation to regard many of the age-related so-called diseases as the end of normal physiological changes is high for most people.The distinction between the wearing away in function of pathological and normal aging states should be signally delineated. The diseases that arise in the elderly should be well separated from the signs of aging in order to give the right attention to the two different phenomena. Deep understanding of the normal physiological changes and those changes caused by diseases make it easy for the clinicians to diagnose and manage the elderly. The failure of a clinician to recognize the differences may lead to unnecessary clinical testing, misdiagnosis of the aging person and eventual mismanagement. The problems that are associated with ageing can be managed through use of glasses, intake of adequate vitamins, and consumption of green vegetables rich in antioxidants among other ways. Some people may have dramatic and rapid l evels of decline yet others may have much less significant changes. Although aging is a genetically determined process, environmental factors often have an impact on the aging process. Some environments may accelerate aging while others may not interfere with the aging process.

Politics Essays Organisation Global Governance

Politics Essays Organisation Global constitutionOrganisation Global G everyplacenanceIntroduction and organisation of work modern-day international politics commit r final stageered irrelevant the westboundphalian order which bestowed sovereign atomic number 18as ultimate potential indoors a defined territory. This began shortly after the block of the Cold War in 1989. The end of the fight gave the hegemonic male monarch the united States the chance to reform the world along its capitalist ideology.Coincident solelyy, the animosities suppressed for decades by the Cold War bond certificates were also released and led to intra pronounce participations. The effects of these hazard frozen war dealings led the nightspot to metamorphous into the uphill body of establishment.Professor Duffield in his book, Global Governance and the New Wars the confluence of Development and Security postulates that the emerge system is that of a orbiculate governance which e universea ted expose of the complexes into a system striving to address the cultivation and pledge measure measure issues.To assess this argument, this paper is divided into five blow ups. The first part go out be utilise to define key concepts speckle the second part will evaluate the post insentient war changes and pull the wear of the originators of sovereign postulates to show the vacuum being filled by worldwide governance.The third part will evaluate the strategic actors of the dish and trace the net work of operation adopted by each. The fourth part will poke into the address of governance mingled with show and non differentiate actors, identify the salute adopted by the system to contain or neutralise conflict and the concluding part will examine the effectiveness or former(a) than of this approach.Definition of ConceptsComplex emergency is defined by United Nations agencies as each crisis capable of igniting a conflict- relate human beingeitarian disaster an d social break which requires a collective response from the international community (Duffield 2001 12). Complex emergencies atomic number 18 easily localise by these characteristics deteriorating central giving medication, ethno-religious conflicts, food in warranter department, drought, hyper ostentatiousness just to mention a few.These emergencies lead to the displacement and subsequent movement of people (refugees) crosswise national boundaries (Weiss and Gordenker 1996,67). The clashes surrounded by insurgents and regime troops in Somalia, the Darfur c elevators in Sudan and the looming crisis in Kenya following the results of the just concluded elections argon examples of complex emergencies.Globalisation is solely the process of increasing interconnectedness between societies such(prenominal) that the event in one region begin impacts on people in other parts of the world (Baylis and metalworker 20018)Duffield defined worldwideisation as the process of deconstruct ion and decentalisation of the fountain and authority of the conjure. He noted that the suppuration find out of non state actors, market vaingloriousisation, administration of networks between various actors from the local to world-wide level are stages in globalisation which has given rise to a growing cliquish domain (Ibid2001,164).Proponents of Neo medievalism opined that the process where states are overlaid, cross-cut and replaced by a range of multilayered human race/private organizations bridging the micro-level, the meso-level and international poses a threat to state stability. They predicted a likely replay of the medieval stoppage and its chaos as the modern day state structure in the face of overstretched functions (Cerny 1998).This neo-medievalism fear is being solved by the emerging system of global governance which Duffield opined that it is an adaptive and selective inclusive system thatthrives on creating networks that bridge traditional boundaries, specialism and disciplinesIn response to the naked wars and the merging of development and protective cover, innovative strategic complexes-linking state and non-state actors, public and private organisations, array and civil organisations, and so on (Duffield 2001 45).You can get expert help with your analyses beneficial presently. Find out moreGlobal governance to Weiss and Gordenker is the summation of efforts meant to rent more orderly and reliable responses to social and political issues beyond the capacities of respective(prenominal) states (Weiss and Gordenker 1999, 12). Finkelstein (1995 365) defined global governance as governing without sovereign authority with relations that transcend national frontiers. It is simply a invigorated understructure of global regulation that has evolved, reaching ever more deeply into the house servant affairs of states and societies (Held and McGrew2002, 8).Post Cold War ChangesDuring the period before 1970s, state governing asp ired and go awayd several welfare services to its citizens. However, the end of the sparing wave in the North that began in the 1940s challenged the ability of the state to undertake the welfare needs of the populace. Instead of providing more welfare services, the growing inflation led to increase tax which resulted in revolts in Carlifornia, Denmark etc. (Wilson, G. 2000,238 ). term the state was being internally challenged, the end of the Cold War and the tog up of capitalist ideology brought external challenges of globalisation to the overstretched states. Free market scrimping reduced state powers to impose tax or inflect imports and exports. there was also an increase in nationalist separatist movements such as the Irish troubles in Britain, Quebec crisis in Canada, separatist movement in Basque overthrow in Spain, Italian northern League secession, France has Corsica conflicts to deal with. These conflicts compounded the lease of the sovereign state and resulted in adjustments of state authority. The South was not excluded from these crises yet rather had more challenging situations to deal with (Graham, W. 2000).The new wars account for the keep an eye on up in seceded state in the 1990s. Singapore and Bangladesh were the only countries to succeed in the 40 years before 1989 while the 1990s witnessed the emergent of 10 states. Failed states also became a reoccurring phenomenon in Africa. The on-going Islamic fundamentalism is part of post cold war development that is challenged the essence of sovereign nation-states (Duffield, 1997, 528, 2001,13).Rather than interpreting the new wars as symptoms of a failed modernisation process, Duffield views them as extension of politics between opposing societies which transforms the socio- economical and political sectors of the societies.The new wars and the decline in parallel providence brought about a new socio-economic and political structure in system in Duffield notion on wars. This is refle cted in the number of countries that subscribed to the geomorphologic Adjustment Programmes (SAP) of the human beings hope. This transformed roughly economies into shadow economies and opened them up to international influence. Donor aid agencies applauded this transformation to conventional international commit by stating that such policies complement their development activities.Part of the reforms of SAP is the privatisation of state owned enterprises to cut down political science welfare expenditure. Duffield contends that SAP polices quicken the dismantling of non-viable state patronage networks (ibid 2001, 150). Privatisation opened state economies to international monetary institutions and brought about innovatory reforms.The 1980s was marked with therefore marked with efforts by Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Regan and leaders of the north to roll back the frontiers of state. Their successors also accepted that the time had come to modify state competence as the verbal r hetoric was matched with state reforms.Efforts to salvage the dwindling economies and escalating new wars resulted in a re-interpretation of development and security as interwoven. Tracing the new wars to development crises, raised the awareness that distress anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere and the mergence of development and security efforts. Underdevelopment is forthwith considered dangerous and capable of causing violence and regional instability. This beat is accented by the European Union and other organisations. The EU asserts this circumstance by stating that development agencies need to take into cognizance the need to proportionality various interests in the society to legitimise democracy while expression field pansyful conciliation between various interest concourses. (Ibid 2001, 38)Find out how our expert essay writers can help you with your workDuffield opined that, post cold war security threat to the North is no longer perceive in terms of inters tate conflicts to be defeated through formation of alliance and nuclear deterrence.The new wars blur distinctions between civilians, army and political science. The spirit of these intrastate conflicts resulted in the formation of network and links between non-territorial states and non-states actors same to the threat. Instead of forces alliances, state governments promptly team up with nongovernmental organizations, giver agencies, multitude organizations and other development partners. Security sector reforms which aims at providing security for people in an effective and efficient manner within a democratic civilian control is now universally pursued.These developments reduced the power of sovereign states to independently resolve all the crises within its territories. While states were losing their competence, area brim, outside(a) fiscal Fund and the dry land Trade Organisation change magnitude their influence as proponents of the emerging liberal economy.The liber al market favoured conglomerates who were now transnational corporations after buying up public enterprises. The formal power the states had to regulate the economy and provide welfare services to the populace were now with the international financial institutions and transnational corporations.In the same vein, the trans-border crises led to a proliferation of community cornerstones and international NGOs. In partnership with each other, these NGOs have a world-wide network advocating for better conditions and providing humanitarian services to people, especially in war torn states. Hence, NGOs became relevant organisation adjoining the needs of people while the states were cutting down their public expenditure.To establish a liberal peace through conflict resolution, society reconstruction and establishment of a mental process market, states and non states actors entered into a purpose driven relationship analysed in the following section. bring up Actors and Networks of Globa l GovernanceTo limit global governance to humanitarian intervention, multi-lateral relations and all that without looking at the economic driving force is close the entire process. It is common knowledge that the liberalisation policies formulated by the Bretton timber Institutions set the set for globalisation.The institutions are the population Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The World Trade Organisation (WTO) by virtue of its constituent in the international financial system partners with the two. These three financial institutions regulate the system of global governance base on their different mandates.The World Bank promotes Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) as the panacea to problems of underdevelopment and fund swelled scale development projects. The IMF provides loan to interested countries while the WTO sets the rule for part with and fair world occupation. They work together to open up bring and remove barriers in every republic for free asc end of trade and investing across boundaries. (Cavanagh and Mander 2004, 55)The Structural Adjustment Programme, the recipe for development works by devaluing the countrys currency, liberalising markets, eliminating obligation and cutting down government expenditure through removal of price subsidy (Ibid 2004 ). Though World Bank conditionalities have drawn criticisms from various sectors, it remains the condition for taking development loans. This financial power of the World Bank has spread its influence worldwide, especially in resource poor countries.World Bank loans have contributed to the development of many countries as well as entrapping others. The total debt of all developing countries in 1980 was $609 billion, the get rose to $2.4 trillion in 2001. This shows the amount committed by the bank to development efforts and the debt burden which has capture a string binding third world countries to the bank. (Cavanagh and Mander 2004, 57).Apart from providing loans to cou ntries, World Bank also issues low-interest loans to transnational corporations to enable them establish control over inborn resources. The bank remains a major contributor to global glasshouse emissions. The bank also finances capital intensive development projects in various states.Similarly, the IMF was created to ensure stability in the international financial system. It does this by fashioning balance of payment adjustments and imposing smilers on erring states. IMF promote is an effective tool for regulating nation states. In conjunction with the World Bank, IMF work attempts to remove protectionism and other government anti-liberal economic policies.The recent across-the-board development framework enacted in consultation with the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the Group of Seven (G7) shows the incorporation of state actors in the decision making process. The criticism of the SAP form _or_ system of government has necessities its modification. This sh ows that the body relies on input from the society to function properly. While it is difficult to list countries that developed on loans and economic prescription from the IMF, the body remains a key actor in the emerging global governance.You can get expert help with your essays function now. Find out moreThe 1994 Uruguay Round of General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) armed the WTO with a strong enforcement system to ordain fair trade among countries and impose sanction on those exceeding the hold boundary. This regulatory power is demonstrated in the bodys sanction on the US when the latter tried to impose 100% tariff on certain European exports in retaliation to the 1999 WTO banana wars(Cavanagh and Mander 2004. 66). The power to impose sanction, regulate trade and maintain order shows how the system is managed.On-going plans by the WTO to unless annihilate territorial barriers include the bid to prohibit government from making policies in banking, media and policy tha t give local investors preference over their foreign counterparts (Cavanagh and Mander 2004,69)The same economic arrangement is in the regions by regional banks such as the African Development Bank, (ADB), the Inter-America Development Bank and the Asiatic Development Bank (ADB). These banks work with the various finance ministries and Central Banks in their region to tailor economies after the World Bank model. virtually related to that is complimentary change in the commercial sector. Duffield asserts that liberalisation of the economy gives transnational corporations and private security firms economic powers to regulatory the economy and influence government policies. Therefore it is no longer possible for states to have a withdraw economy as all economies are controlled by transnational companies.Willetts (Baylis and Smith 2001, 430) observed that government have lost the control of financial flow as demonstrated by the currency crisis of 1980s and 1990s. During this period t he dollar, the pound, the cut franc and the yen were hapless against the transnational banksThe impact of these reforms is felt by countries hard to regulate internal commercial activity. Under unfavourable state economic policies, transnational corporations threaten to move their investments out of the country. Relocating these investments will ignite honest economic problems for the swarm countries such as unemployment and a fall in the gross domestic products.Governments in their efforts to attract foreign direct investment formulate policies that accommodate transnational companies. Hence a government that imposes least demanding wellness safety, welfare and environmental standards is an investors haven (Baylis and Smith 2001,431).However, transnational corporations are not a low to themselves. Regulations on their aim are arrived at between the corporations and the UN, an example is the 1999 UN Global Compact Initiative which deals with issues of labour, human rectifys an d the environment. multinational corporations also carry out various development projects in host communities under the principle of corporate social right. Corporate social accountability ensures that corporations make business decisions that meets the ethical, commercial and public expectation of how business should be managed (Garsten, C 2003, 360).While building alliances with NGOs such as the Amnesty International and hydrofoil International, approximately transnational corporations adopted the voluntary codes of conduct and industrial human rights within their governing principles. A recent example of adhering to human rights principles is the recent withdrawal of rough products from the market in by GAP, a transnational company following discovery that child labour was utilize in the production process.Global governance has led to an unprecedented return in the number of multinational corporations collaborating with the UN, World Bank and other actors of global govern ance. This resulted to various commitments made by NGOS, IGOs and conferrer agencies to partnership with the private sector to accomplish sustainable development and security. The 1997 UK government White Paper on International Development made a commitment tomove out-of-door from a narrow relationship based on individual contracts to a broader sharing of approaches to the eradication of poverty, drawing on the extensive skills of the British private sector (Duffield 2001, 63) .Duffield described this system as one characterised by decentralisation of power, devolution of authority and cooperation in various capacities between states and non states actors, private and public institutions as well as military and civilian establishments. The emerging global governance thrives on establishing networks across boundaries to share information, build synergies of comparative receipts and coordinate actions against contemporary challenges.This accounts for the continuous economic integra tion and political brotherhood being pursued by regional organisations such as the European Union and African Union albeit weak resistance and hesitation from some member states (Duffield 1997, 528). The border restrictions have withered away as citizens of any West African country has free access to other West African countries. In Europe, the Euro is now a legal tender within some EU member nations. Talks for common foreign policy and other unifying reforms are in high gear.Despite losing some of its influence in the state due to the emerging global governance, Duffield alludes that governments have acquired the ability to project authority through non-territorial and non-state systems (Duffield 2001, 72). Besides creating conduit for other actors to interact in troubled zones, state participation legitimises activities of non state actors like NGOs. Governments controlled military force remains a sine qua non for peacekeeping.As key actors in global governance, states make up t he IGOs, regional organisations, and finance some donor agencies. A quality in demonstrate is the US President bush-league Emergency Plan for Aids Relief in Africa (PEPFAR), a health programme coordinated by the Harvard University in quislingism with local NGOs in Botswana, Uganda and Nigeria.Closely related to that is strengthening of development and security ties between countries in regional, continental and multilateral organisations. Duffield posit that the shortly after the end of the disconnectedness War, the rise in complex emergencies demanded a system-wide approach to bring succour to the affected people. This led to the creation of the UN surgical incision of human-centred Affairs (DHA) now Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), to mobilise and coordinate aid agencies in emergency situations.In the same vein, regional organisations emerged to prevent occurrence of man made emergencies and alleviate peoples suffering during complex emergencies i n their regions. While the European Union established ECHO in 1993 for this course, ECOWAS has a Humanitarian and amicable Affairs Department manage disaster and coordinate emergency way response team. ECOWAS Department of Defence and Security manage ECOMOG, the military supervise unit of ECOWAS in conflict areas.Apart from ECOWAS, other African countries group under other regional umbrellas such as the East Africa corporation (EAC), southern African Development Community (SADC) Community of Sahel-Sahara States (CEN-SAD) and others. These regional bodies meet periodically in the African Union to foster development and security of each region and Africa as a whole.It is important to note that these bodies strive to partner with state and non state actors to provide succour during emergencies. A case in point is the recent assessment of development and stability of African states conducted by the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD) with the African peer Review Mechan ism. It is in this light that the African Union in collaboration with UN Global Compact is organising a forum on Africas industrial drive The private sector and corporate citizenship billed for 22 January, 2008. With such trans-border relations going on in other regions of the world, to say that a system of global governance is emerging is stating the obvious.Another response to the softness of states to solve world problems is the proliferation of influential NGOs since the 1990s. Duffield compared the current role played by NGO in complimenting government development and security strives with their former subcontractor berth to illustrate this steady rise in their activities and influence. Presently, relationships are established as means to an end -sustainable development and security.NGOs have taken over some functions of state governments. For example, the primary education in Sri Lanka was managed by NGOs when the state government collapse during the 1987 civil war while the Bangladesh Rural Action direction (BRAC) runs 35,000 schools in the country (Weiss and Gordenker 1996, 30). The World Bank also partner with NGOs to provide capital intensive projects in communities.For example, the bank made provisions for NGO participation in 30% of its projects in 1993. In the same vein, the UN relies on NGOs to provide humanitarian assistance during and after conflict. NGOs managed 40% of the refugees created by the 1991 Kurdish crisis in Iraq while the UN catered for 30% of the refugees (ibid 1996, 31).Find out how our expert essay writers can help you with your workDuring conflicts, UN gets the consent of warring groups to enable humanitarian agents provide aid for civilian in war zone. This negotiated access has increased the influence and efficiencies of NGOs and other humanitarian groups.The common commitment of NGOs to alleviate human suffering makes them intervene in emergencies. This can be through Northern NGOs funding relief efforts via their Souther n partners or by direct interest group of local and international. In direct involvement, Northern NGOs build partnership with Southern governments, Southern NGOs and the local affected community (Anderson and Woodrow 1998, 37).Another pointer identified by Duffield to buttress the rising relevance of NGOs which supports his postulation of emerging global governance is the expanding network of NGOs. This includes platforms such as the Sterling Committee for Humanitarian Response, whose responsibility is to further cooperation among aid agencies.Furthermore, NGOs have become advocates of international reforms prophesy the message gotten from field to other players of international politics. The International Federation of blushful Cross Societies code of conduct governing impartiality and accountability in humanitarian operations has been widely subscribed to by key organisations.Closely related to that, Amnesty International monitors human rights abuses in the states and puts pre ssure on the state to turn over a new leaf, while Transparency International monitors the socio-economic and political activities in states. It rates state annually from the most corrupt to the least corrupt. This rating goes a long way to restrict investments made by transnational corporations in various countries.While the Bretton forest institutions spin the economic wheel of global governance, Duffield asserted that the present liberal system of global governance dashed the expectations of many who following the end of the cold war expected the United Nation (UN) to evolve into a global government. Rather than that happening, the UN remains an important actor in the emerging global governance.As an organisation of all nation states, the UN article 71 empowers its organ the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) to make suitable arrangements for consultation with non-governmental organisations which are concerned with matters within its competence. Similarly, in 11 paragraphs of principle in ECOSOC Resolution 1296 (XLIV), NGOs that seek consultative status in world affairs must have embrace goals within the UN economic and social scope.It further requires submission of data on the NGO budget and source of capital (Weiss and Gordenker 1996, 21-22). These provisions enables the UN to play a coordinating role in the emerging system to ensure that non-state actors imbibe and work within the common head principles of nation-states enshrined in the charter of the world body.Closely related to the framework of ECOSOC, the UN Department of Public Information maintains a check on the information ventilation of NGOs. (Ibid 1996, 23) These trends show the importance the UN on behalf of member states attach to network and alliance formation between NGOs and other non-state actors.In practical situations, UN foster cooperation with NGOs base on NGO community based approach which effectively link the gap between relief and development. A case in point is the formation of Partners in Action (Par in Ac) by the UNHCR and ICVA to increase the contentedness of responding to global refugee crisis and internally displaced persons.(ibid 1996, 29)To direct global policy towards eradiating the world problems, the UN set a Millennium Development Goals to be achieved by 2015. The MDGs have become the policy thrust for most countries of the Southern hemisphere.Alongside the aforementioned linkages between the various states and non-state actors to combat global crises is the role played private security companies. Duffield asserts that a cordial understanding between the military and civilian represent in global governance. Regular state military are utilize to police agreed ceasefire and create conduit for aid providers.During intervention when state military is not provided, private security companies are contracted to provide military advice and security for aid workers. Duffield sites an example with when the US based Military master key Resources In corporated (MPRI) was contracted to provide military service to the Croatian government in 1994 under the Democracy Transition Assistance Programme, due to UN arm embargo on Croatia.In summation of the various forms and relations among state and non-state actors, it is evident that sovereign states are gradually losing their competence to provide security and development in the new system. However, they have alter themselves as partners in progress with non-state actors who now provide innovative forms of mobilisation, intervention and systems of material pay back in the interests of global governance. (Duffield 2002 77)You can get expert help with your essays right now. Find out moreProcess of Global Governance story on its definition, global governance is the process of governance which involves state and non state actors working through formal and informal ways to find solutions to the problems of development and security that is beyond the capacity of any individual public or private actor. Interdependent networks of action are formed in the process between all actors from the state level to the regional, continental and global plane. pile Rosenau captures this as the degree which authority is formally established to the degree it flows in horizontal and vertical order. (Sending and von Neumann 2006) Hence the variety of actors such as governments, transnational corporations, NGOs and IGOs involve in the process is of major interest.The working arrangement shows that the result of the erosion of state power and the proliferation of NGOs and other actors resulted in the state losing its principal control of governing activities within or across its territories and adapted to the emergent system as a mediator to legitimise the powers of the new actors before its citizens. (Sending and Neumann2006,655)To assert sovereignty, the bedrock of government, states enact laws to dictate how the country is governed, while global governance replaces law with tactics . Tactics are used to enforce compliance from individuals, groups and the state as a whole (Sending and Neumann 2006, 656). The conditions set by the Bretton Woods institution to dictate how states run their economy is a strong example of using means rather than laws to achieve set objectives. Sending and Neumann use the Graham Burchell work quoted infra to drive home the pointoffering individuals and collectivities active involvement in action to resolve the kind of issues hitherto held to be the responsibility of authorized governmental agencies. However, the price of this involvement is that they must assume active responsibility for these activities, both for carrying them out and, of course, for their outcomes, and in so doing they are required to conduct t

Literature Review On Leadership Styles

Literature Review On Leadership StylesThe leading flair is a contextual function which has direct kind with the leadinghip set around of the attracter. Based on the practicableity self-confidence the leadinghip style tail end be identified as two dimensional ways in bloodsucking of every last(predicate)(prenominal) other, where unity of it is line of represent oriented associated with super slew of the performance to ensure task completion in the form of keeping control within the governing by providing direction and setting finishing. The other form emphasizes motivating alternatively than controlling the subordinates comprises communicating ,active listening, support and interaction.A major second of studies fall in that the primary function of the administrational loss leadership is the world might to influence single in the line of task performance using penuryal methods rather than designer of dominance over a conviction(Kotler,1996,Yammarino et al ).This definition clearly distinguishes relationship betwixt leadership and coercive rules. It relates to about extremity a formal authority with the presence of political environment in the face(Wang et al 2005)The recent theorists of transformational leadership has come out from the leader in internal context to sound its instruction to a more broader one.(Higgs and Rouland,2003)However there is always presence of divers(prenominal) behavioural pattern. It is useful to multitude them into three broad catagories-(1)Goal OrientedA set of behaviour which is conducive to play a significant post which eventually directs towards a goal and come through the performance required for it.(2)InvolvingInvolving is machine-accessible with more forces on come throughment of goal setting and the direction for how to achieve the goal.(3)EngagingIt acts as an facilitating nature of direction and means where the goal can be achieved.The leaders ar similarly referred to as production o riented, production emphasizing, goal achieving, work facilitative or goal emphasizing(Black and Mouton,1964,Bass). there is gritty psycho system of logical release amongst a leader and a accessory with a preoccupation on task which is highly necessary for its deed.(eg.Woffard,1970).Leaders acquire a undischarged concern for the relationship with the retainers tries to frame a friendly and substantiative environment which is a variance of flock oriented policy(eg . Beatty 1988, Katz et al 1950).Leaders be commonly interactive, facilitative and supportive and declare the assembly concern with a central orientation towards people.(Anderson,1974,Bass1967,Black and Mouton,1964)Transformational LeadershipTransformational leadership is responsible for renting institutional deviate by fashioning a compulsory stricture of hallucination and where the employees commitment can be mobilized by bring uping and involving in person .In the cumulative business environment ,tra nsformational leadership are useful in making pro fancy of a compelling a clear visual modality by mobilisizing employee commitment through personal identification and involvement and institutionalisation of organizational change.The all-inclusive range leadership model by Bass and Avolio defines the transformational leadership in terms of four Issuch as Individualised consideration, under jibing stimulation,Inspiritional pauperization and see influence.Burns (1978, p. 20) defined transformational leadership as a litigate in which leaders and followers raise one another to high trains of piety and penury. The transformation is not diverse from the follower it is centered upon to a might to develop/encourage the wants/ requires of a follower. Accountability as per the needs of the follower is the concern of the leader as per Burns.Burns at outset make an assertion in the high moral grand with a desire to win a cause by creating a strong drive. race wanted to be driven by a motivation with a organizational spiritual mission(Tichy and Devanna1986).The inconsistency present in the organisation should be made understandable by a transformational leader to its followers.In the eggshell of transformational leaders they are had the advantage of a influencing position so that conflict can be manged and performance can be improved with a direction towards set a decision making police squad to repugn conflict and therefore, to improve the performance to make a decision in police squad(Amason,Thompson,Hochwarter Harrison,1995).For example,a team leader can create an environment of disagreement to beget constructive and cognitive conflict(Schwent Kotlya,Karakowsky/Leader Behaviors and Team Conflict 39 Cosier 1993).The team members are informed somewhat the structured conflict methodology and at the same time motivating them to engage in dialectical interaction.The motivation of making a good decision will lead the team members to exchangeablely clari fy the objectives and find out and evaluate new alternatives.(e.g..Abelson Levi,1985)In this process it is more important to give more focus on person than the problem and help the team members to minimize the cognitive conflict so that it cannot further worsen into dysfunctional,affective conflict(Janssen ,Van De Vliert, Veenstra,1999)There is only a small number of researchers who has confined their studies to establish a relationship between leadership and randomness technology and less focus on knowledge management and transformational leadership.However , Klenke(1994),it is the feature actions of leadership and information technology that helps in formation of new organization.Emperical get hold of aimed at examining the influence of transformational leadership (TL) on organizational foot(OI) and performance(OP) depending on level of organisational education.First- A close relationship between TL ,OP and OI has been detectedSecond-The relationships as shown in the beginni ng finding are prominent in a high learning organisation than a low learning organisationIn practiceOrganisational learning is practiced in a crowd of people with an interaction on technology where the knowledge is evolved and widen up for a cognitive and behavioural change in a unceasing interaction between tacit and distinct form.Organisations with a high learning structure enable with a network making it easier to learn, innovate and resist to a competitive position as centre of technology.It can be understand that organisational learning improve relationship to a great extremity between TL,OI and OP.However innovation is considered to be vital for a company to survive and grow(Hurley and Hult,1998).There has been different definition of innovation-According to product development and management association(PDMA,2004)-Innovation is equivalent with a new cerebration,it whitethorn be a new idea or device.Innovation is an act tries to create a product which is new or wants t o bring new product which includes invention and ensures the work necessary to bring concludingly a new idea or concept.Although steadfastly innovation is emphasized to improve performance of organization(OP) ,a number of firms donot and fails to develop in straight-laced way.Researchers wants to concentrate on what has enable a firm to enable,it is the beyond autoloading(a) response processes.(Zollo and Winter,2002,p-341)leadership style has the highest level of influence on the firm to innovate by bringing a new idea into the technical area ,setting up of goals which is definite and further an initiative for subordinates with innovation (Kanter,1983,Senge et al,1994)In the transformational leadership (TL) it encourages OI and OP gets advantages from it and defines a leadership which increases the consciousness to achieve the collective interests among the members to achieve it.Transformational leaders mystify charisma,inspiration and intellectual stimulation (Bass1999,Conger 1999 and Avolio 2000)Charisma-is the quality which encourages its workers,the leaders and scientific organisations to bring a situation of pride,faith and respect.Inspiration- motivates the followers to a large extent through communications of high technological expectations.Intellectual stimulation- is a behaviour that is associated with the promotion of employees,intelligence,knowledge and learning for a innovative problem solving and solutions.The perfect graphic symbol of CEOs is to indulge in playing an important role in informing and moulding these variables(TL,OI and OP) by determining the types of behaviour that is upto the expectation and supported(Baer and Frese,2003)quartette factors of transformational leadership (Four Is) can be discussed as below-Individualized considerationThe first I in the transformational leadership is concerned with providing an umbrella of guidance in the part of leaders with an indivisualised consideration.The leader treats his followers with an individual approach,making explicit about his concerns,listening to his ideas and tries to know him well.The manager in this context sets standard as warning(a) decision maker in the organization and gains respect as role model with idealized influence. The indication of his style can be earn by-As a good listenerSelf development is the constitute importanceExchange of views from both the sides is expectedIndividual needs and ability are reflected in the organizational decisionThe quality of possible jointure is adheredHowever the leader engaged in giving each individual access to teaching and coaching ,encourage them to participate in the project by delegating it and by constantly giving feedback.Intellectual stimulationIntellectual stimulation(IS) is a kind of motivation where the leaders motivate the followers to work up up their own expertnesss by signifying the problems and issues. This is a kind of situation like a parents pursue their child but in managers in close ly of the organisations prefer an approach where they are directed to do a moving in rather than made them accountable to it. The primordial indicators of this style can be pinched as-To rethink an assumption which is already preoccupiedAbility to make the pattern which is hard to imagineThis is an kind of entertaining and bring previous some trivial oneVisualise an existing pattern by revisiting itHowever leaders engages himself with the subordinates by providing a series of new ideas and encouraging a new thought of followers by imputing some logic beforehand and problem solving are emphasized.Inspiritional motivationInspirational motivation is associated with the encouragement of a high degree of performance stimulating motivation among the followers.Setting a rising vision in the mind the leader sets a flow of communication through which a binding has been imposed in an exciting manner and provides a zeal to struggle for it.That is why leaders are sometimes successful to l ift the expectation of the followers where key indicators of the style can be identified as-Foresee a future and confident of attaining itMaking intelligible about the term of the meaning and establishment the expectationsReducing the complexities by simplifying the meaningPrioritise and grow the sense of decideThe leader imparts a sense of mission and vision articulate a roadmap of pride .respect and faith,inculcates giving utmost importance towards pride,respect and faith,aspire and ignite the excitement of the subordinates. idealise influenceThis is a leadership style in terms of influencing with the fraction of idealized form(ii) or become a role-model of people around him.There are specific and personal characteristics or charisma inherited and making it explicit through moral behaviour which can be followed on the grounds of trust,morality,honesty and integrity.The key indicators can be attributed as-The verificatory gain is achieved by utilising powerAddresses crisis head onThe followers achievement is a matter of solemnisation for himProves extraordinary skillLeader imparts the vision and mission in a way to inspire and motivate the followers by put onward the challenge and establish what it actually mean.Transformational leader and visionLeadership authors energize given more attention to perceptional intelligence towards a competency which is interpersonal.in recent times leaders emotional competency can be effected by-Awareness about himselfEmotional expressiviityMonitor ones function by himselfEmpathyEmpirical evidence shows that leader with more emotional competencies shows to be chimerical leadership behaviour. Akshkanesy and Tse(Theoritical article) defined the emotional leadership as-Management of emotion evoke that emotional language and communicationTransformational leaders have intuition about the followers needs values leads to greater interpersonal sensitivity and higher quality relationship with followers. George(2000) describes how aspects of emotional intelligence, including the appraisal and expression of emotions facilitate a leaders ability to develop collective goals, communicate the importance of work activities with followers and motivate by generating enthusiasm, confidence and trust.The following hypothesis is presented which is dependent on emotional expressivity and impractical leadership.H1 A wide range of positive results including organisational performance has a positive link with the leaders emotional expressivity(Waldman etal,2001)H2There is a positive relationship between utopian leadership and follower ratings of leadership effectiveness.Empirically it has direct effects on the attitude of the follower and ratings of leadership effectiveness of a leaders breezy behaviour may be viewed in terms of scale of organisational changes that are felicitated in the organisation. what is more visionary leaders who in addition acquires this skill where expressivity in terms of emotion is practi ced will likely to articulate their vision in a strong way with more compulsion and persuasion that result in high magnitude of organisational changes than leaders who does not have such skillH3 A close pose between visionary leadership and organisational change will vary in degree depending on the level of leaders emotional expressivity.The regression digest done through empirical abstract found that there is a strong relationship between visionary leadership and organisational change in magnitude under conditions of leaders high emotional expressivity. imaginationARY LEADERSHIPFrances Westley and henry Mintzberg formulated the theory of visionary leadershipn on the basis of elude Follets work.There are three main assumptions of the visionary leadership.First assumption is associated with the dynamic nature of visionary leadership where the drama,action and communication occur at the same time.As the actor does his rehersal when he goes up to the cadence for the moment ,at tha t moment of time visionary leader practices the vision.The visionary leader connects the idea and action and at the same time establishes a relationship with his followers.This kind of leader is capable of moulding strategy into vision.The second assumption is about the content as well as context strategic vision.The onus of the vision is a strategic content and has a focus on organisations,markets,products or even services.The external influence on vision comes out with the context one.This aspect has been effected by the organisational variation in terms of structure,ownership and size etc.The third and the final assumption stresses on the variety of visions and it can visualise many shape and sizes.Mary Parker Follett emphasises that the leader should have the competency to identify the potential of its followers and with a cohesive bond they should be able to integrate them.There sould be reciprosity in the gtoup and the leader and the group members should influence each other .It is not only the leader who should have influence on group members but the group member should also influemce leaders(Follett,1930a,P213).The another point is repetation which drawn by Westley and Mintzberg(1989)it enables the visionary leaders to identify the issues.According to Folletts study the leader should fit in the external and internal situation i case of group.Follett,1930a,p214 describes it as an functional unity.The leader should overcome the factionalism by colligation them. It is not only the leader who should have influence on group members but the group member should also influemce leaders(Follett,1930a,P213).The another point is repetation which is drawn by Westley and Mintzberg(1989)it enables the visionary leaders to identify the issues.According to Folletts study the leader should harmonise the external and internal situation i case of group.Follett,1930a,p214 describes it as an functional unity.The leader should overcome the factionalism by uniting them.The third important part is representation where the leader(ACTOR) should be able to communicate its follower(AUDIENCE)Leader should energise its followers.According to Miss Follett, the three main function of the CEO includes to define a organisations single-valued function,to maintain co-ordiantion of its activities.to foresee a future.The leader provides a long range vision by combining into a team effort and gives the purpose of the group.The final element is assistance where the audience or the followers should follow up the vision of the leader and take part to shape the vision.All of the analysis has come into a result of group power where the group is not like a team of uniformity but its a overlap of all opposites and imaginativeness become live when it is shared and all the group member pull together to avhieve it and the leader should bring together all the group members to achieve the goal.Vision may be an outstanding achievement with a binding to a people in a golf-club together,It may be an inspiring goal where involvement of people is intuitive .Vision is deep rooted in cherished internality ideology and at the sametime consumes the progress and change in anything that is not part of the core ideology.There is some core values which is independent of time and enduring core purpose (which should never change) from the operating practices and business strategies(which should be changing constantly in response to a changing world).ARTICULATING A VISIONA super vision consists of two major part Core ideologyAn depicted futureA good vision build on the interplay between two complementary Yin-and-Yang forcesit defines change(the core ideology) and sets forth What we aspire to become ,to achieve,to create that will require significant change and progress to attain(the envisage future)THE VISION FRAMEWORKCORE IDEOLOGYCore ideology is authentic and been derived by looking inside not by external environment.The core ideology guides and inspire but do esnot differentiate with others . Core ideology bears and inspires the meaning of the people inside the organisation and people inside the organisations neednot compel by core values and tries to generate long term commitment.It is an intrinsic matter to the organisation.The raw material difference between the core ideology and core competency can be derived as -core competence is a strategic concept that captures the organisational capability where you are particularly good at and core ideology is what you stand for and why you exist.ENVISIONED FUTUREIt is the second primary dowery of the vision framework which consists of two parts-A ten to thirty year life-sized Hairy Audacious GoalA vivid descriptions of what it will be like when the organizations receives BHAGBIG HAIRY AUDACIOUS GOAL(BHAG)It is a term which was first proposed in a 1996 article with a title Building Your Companys Vision by James Collins and Jerry .A BHAG is a particular mechanism to stimulate progress.A true BHAG is distinct and creates immense team spirit by unfying the focal point and reaches out to the people and enhances their courage.It is tangible,energizing and highly focused and it is astimulation above the traditional corporate statement.1.VISION LEVEL BHAGA vision level BHAG applies to entire organisation and requires 10 to 30 years to complete the cycle.BHAG stands for beyond the capabilities of organisation and catamenia environmental trends,forces and conditions.2.VIVID DESCRIPTIONVivid description is the second component of envisioned future necessary to achieve BHAG is a vibrant and specific component of the organisation.However there is a certain difference between core ideology and envisioned future.The first one is like a ace in the horizon which cannot be reached wheres it guides and inspires and its the fundamental reason of existence.The second one is the specific goal to achieve to achieve a specific time frame.

Mental Health of Children with HIV

Mental Health of Children with human immunodeficiency virusChapter 1 psychiatrical hospitalWomen ar more than at risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus transmitting than men in sub-Saharan Africa mainly due to Gender inequality, this relatively increases the risk of children acquiring human immunodeficiency virus through mother-to-child-transmission 1. According to available statistics about 30% of babies born in sub-Saharan Africa to human immunodeficiency virus positive mothers forget themselves be infected with the virus either through childbirth or through breast-feeding 2.From recent entropy thither ar about 3.2 billion children breathing with human immunodeficiency virus, 91% of these children alive with human immunodeficiency virus ar found in sub-Saharan Africa 2. The WHO recommendations stipulates that children below the age of 5 diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus should be dictated on ART regardless of what their CD4 count is, 28% of these ch ildren living with human immunodeficiency virus orbitwide, requiring antiretroviral treatment (ART) currently have access to these drugs 2.Since the onset of the epidemic, most of the children with perinat totallyy acquired HIV in low and middle income countries do non live past infancy 3, 4. However, results from recent look into shows that life expectancy has improved and 36% of these infants live up to 16 years of age 5. Likewise, strategies employed to screenland pregnant mothers and test infants and children at risk for HIV transmittance, as tumesce as the advances in ART, has improved the quality of life and ensure HIV positive children live extensiveer 6, 7.However, these children will have to face the challenges of living with a chronic affection, requiring tremendous cordial support for long, to enable veracious development some(prenominal) morally and physically. For example, recent studies indicate that living with a life-threatening and stigmatizing sicknes s is also difficult and creates great psychological sorrow for children with HIV 8. Children living with HIV are often confronted with fears/thoughts about their accept death, most of them are stigmatized and discriminated against 8. Consistent usher also shows cognitive difficulties for HIV positive children 9.1.2. Background and ContextMental disorder is progressively adequate an important global wellness concern and the starring(p) cause of disablement globally. Depression an ordinary kind disorder, currently afflicts about 350 million people, both adults and children worldwide 10. An increasing number of rational disorders are ranked among the leading causes of disability in the World Health Organization (WHO) Global commit of Disease 2004 11.War, poverty, deprivation, marginalization and deracination are among the detect brotherly determinants of rational health determine as prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) 12-15. This in turn increases the prevalence of dep ression in this region, though the number are under- describe. Despite the clear indication that mental health is a colossal public health concern in SSA, it has consistently been neglected, due to the prevalence of communicable diseases, malnutrition and other perinatal disorders.Adults living with a chronic illness like HIV, are prone to psychosocial and psychological stressors so are children living with HIV. They are faced with anxiety associated with living with a chronic illness and the possibilities of death from the transmission system. High on the list for psychosocial stressor, is the issue of discrimination and stigmatization, as well as struggles with other challenges like malnutrition, poverty and diminished social support 15. Evidence from studies have shown that children suffering from chronic diseases are more prone to developing mental disorders than their peers that are healthy. In one theater of operations 16 involving children with epilepsy, it was suggested t hat healthy children were less likely to suffer from mental disorder than those with epileptic conditions that had increased risks. Another study 17 showed minders of children with sickle cell disease reported more emotional and behavioural abnormalities among these set of children.Studies from other region of the world have shown that there is a relationship amongst HIV and mental illness. It has been shown 18 that early abnormalities in childrens neurological development is attributable to HIV infection and no other factors like environmental and biological risks. The stand between HIV and neurological impairment is well enquiryed in children. training difficulties, attention deficit disorder 19, 20, behavioural abnormalities 21-23 and cognitive discrepancies 24, 25 are all associated with HIV infection in children. The Pediatric Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) in their study reported increased risks for psychiatric hospitalization for children living with HIV compared to other children without the infection 26. It was also suggested that children with perinatally acquired HIV infection may be susceptible to certain mental disorder due to the effects of HIV infection on neurological development. They also stated that there is a likelihood of increased mental illness among these children as they progress in life.Result from a study conducted by Mellins et al.27 that showd psychiatric indicators in children between the ages of 9-16 years with perinatal HIV infection, showed that 11% of the children had oppositional defiant disorder and 13% diagnosed with conduct disorder.Moreover, other studies have shown that perinatal HIV infected children are at greater risk of experiencing abnormalities in brain development 28, these abnormalities hold delayed force back and cognitive development 29 and in some cases short amnesia and mental retardation as a result of the infection 30, 31. A study 32 of Ugandan HIV positive babies f ollowed over a period of one year, showed that 30% of the babies on ART exhibited impaired motor functions while about 26% of the babies displayed impaired cognitive functions, this is in separate with 5-6% of HIV negative babies that exhibited the same conditions.Papola et al. 33 in their study, collected retrospective data on 90 school children living with HIV, in order to examine their developmental and assumes. From their determinations 44% of the childrens range of intelligence were below total or average, while 56% had language impairment. A similar purpose were replicated by Bachanas et al. 32, result from the study showed that HIV-infected children had lower WISC-III scores and abysmal schoolman performance. They also exhibited significant psychological procedure deficiency.1.3. Re count Project and momentWith increasing access to ART, the number of children born with perinatal HIV infection getting to adolescence and adulthood has increased tremendously. These child ren in most cases share stressors experienced by other children living with other chronic illness, like long term medical hospitalization and treatment, and agonizing life experiences. Notwithstanding the burgeoning evidence and psychosocial consequences of living with a chronic disease, there are still famine of studies that have investigated the mental health concerns of children living with HIV in SSA. close to research elsewhere revolve aboutes on the effect of ART treatment and cake of HIV. Though, there is an increasing cognizance of the likelihood of increased risk of mental health disorders for people living with HIV in the long run, owe to biomedical changes occasioned by ART and environmental risks.Based on the radiancy evidence from research on correlation between substance abuse, unstable sexual behaviours and mental health disorders, it is then pertinent to understand the crosstie between mental health and children living with prenatally acquired HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa, especially because of its unique environment and the high prevalence of the social determinants of mental illness in the region. This is necessary to inform mental health treatment and prevention programmes.1.4. Study aimTo review and provide a synthesis of research on the mental health and psychological functioning/ publications of children who are perinatally-infected with HIV, corresponding risk and protective elements, treatment modes and areas of vital need for future research and interventions.1.5. Organization of the ThesisThis thesis is organized as follows.Chapter 1 deals with the scope and objectives of the thesis, it gives a brief background of children living with perinatal HIV infection and the current trend, the mental health issues associated with living with HIV/AIDS.Chapter 2 deals with the methodology, the books search and identification of studies, inclusion and exclusion criteria, data extraction, quality assessment and procedures used in the analysis.Chapter 3 presents the study findings.Chapter 4 presents the general discussions of the study findings, including limit points of studies include. And also the limitations of a self-opinionated review study, stance and weakness.Chapter 5 gives the concludes and summarizes the study, giving possible intervention to address the emerging mental health concerns for children living with HIV/AIDS, as well as recommendations and identified areas of future research.Chapter 2Literature searchA organized literature review was conducted using the theme children living with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa and mental health. The study included studies up until July 2014. The research focuses on papers dealing with children living with HIV/AIDS and the effects on their mental health. The aim is to harness these research papers on the above-mentioned theme, and discuss the subject, present a summary, and highlight areas of future research needs. This informed by the body of evidence s uggesting that in the long run, perinatal infected HIV children are liable to mental health issues, arising from factors such as environment, genetics, biomedical and familial 30-33.Nonetheless, in the course of these research there are dearth of studies using the mental health as outcome and perinatal HIV infection as exposure in SSA. Hence, footing applicable to the review theme were discovered and used in finding the required papers. Studies on children living with HIV and mental health extraneous sub-Saharan Africa were not included in this review. It is not clear as explained in some studies, whether the mental health condition experienced by HIV positive children is neurologically or psychological. This might be a limitation of this review.A comprehensive search of online database for published articles on mental health and psychological functioning of children who are perinatally-infected with HIV was conducted. The electronic databases includes PubMed, EBSCOhost and Scie nce Direct, MEDLINE, Psychinfo, PubMed, JSTOR and Google Scholar. In addition to the online databases, unpublished articles, theses and internal reports will also identified by citation snowballing from the initial journal articles. Data was collected between January 2014 and July 2014 from the databases. The search terms used, identified through MeSH include mental health, psychiatric/psychological, emotional and behavioural problems, perinatal HIV infection, paediatric HIV and adolescence. inclusion and Exclusion criteriaThe initial search returned one hundred and eleven studies relevant to children in sub-Saharan African living with HIV and mental health concerns, restrictions were applied in terms of age, geography and study methodology. Only studies that included children between the ages of 1- 15 years were included. Studies conducted outdoor(a) sub-Saharan African countries were not included. Both quantitative and qualitative studies were included if the primary research was on HIV infection as exposure studied, the researchers had a control host or standardized psychological instrument, mental health disorder/symptoms was the key outcome studied. Only English language articles were included. Out of the 111 studies selected only 10 that were relevant to the review was selected.As the main aim of this review was to focus on well-grounded findings the mental health and psychological functioning/outcomes of children who are perinatally-infected with HIV, only papers that included both subject were selected. Exclusion of studies outside the geographical area of interest were only performed at a subsequent stage, to ensure that relevant studies that did not stipulate their geographical emphasis in their keywords were not excluded. Figure 1. Inclusion and exclusion used in systematic review.Data ExtractionChildren were classified as infected or sporty based on their seropositive or negative status. The final synthesized materials were evaluated based on t he research methodology employed, age range, and the outcomes from the study. To assist in the analysis Microsoft pass was used. A content analysis was performed. As the studies used in the systematic review is small, a meta-analysis could not performed.

Andrew Carnegie Essays -- essays research papers

A man of Scotland, a distinguished citizen of the fall in States, and a philanthropist devoted to the betterment of the world around him, Andrew Carnegie became noteworthy at the turn of the twentieth century and became a real feeling rags to riches story. Born in Dunfermline, Scotland, on November 25, 1835, Andrew Carnegie entered the world in poverty. The word of honor of a hand weaver, Carnegie received his only formal education during the nobble time between his birth and his move to the United States. When steam machinery for distort came into use, Carnegies father sold his looms and household goods, sailing to America with his married woman and two sons. At this time, Andrew was twelve, and his brother, Thomas, was five. Arriving into New York on August 14, 1848, aboard the Wiscasset from Glasgow, the Carnegies mindless little time settling in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh, where relatives already existed and were there to provide help. Allegheny City provided Carnegies first reflect, as a bobbin male child in a cotton factory, working for $1.20 a week. His father also worked there while his mother bound post at home, making a miniscule amount of money. Although the Carnegies lacked in money, they abounded in ideals and evolveing for their children. At age 15, Carnegie became a telegraph messenger boy in Pittsburgh. He learned to send and decipher telegraphic messages and became a telegraph operator at the age of 17. Carnegies next job was as a railroad clerk, working for the Pennsylvania Railroad. He worked his dash up the ladder, through with(predicate) his dedication and honest desire to succeed, to become train dispatcher and thence division manager. At this time, young Carnegie, age 24, had already made some small investments that laid the foundations of his what would be tremendous fortune. integrity of these investments was the purchase of stock in the Woodruff Sleeping Car Company. In 1864, Carnegie entered th e iron business, but did not begin to make steel until eld later. In 1873, he built the Edgar Thomson works in Braddock, Pennsylvania, to make Bessemer steel. He established many other steel plants, and in 1892, he corporate all of his interests into the Carnegie Steel Company. This act from Carnegie is fitting with one of his most far-famed quotations, & adeninequotPut all of your eggs in one basket, and then watch that basket.&quot This firm became one of the greatest indu... ...fiting from Carnegies liberality include various Carnegie museums of history, science, and art, Carnegie Hall in New York, and other semipublic spirited organizations. Before 1919, when Carnegie died, he had given away $350,695,653, and at his death, the stomach $30 million was likewise given away to foundations, charities, and pensioners. He left a mark on society not only through his enormous monetary provisions, but also with his own literature. Carnegie loved to make headway his ideas and o pinions in print, and has written many works outlining these philosophies, including Triumphant Democracy (1886), The gospel singing of Wealth (1900), The Empire of Business (1902), Problems of Today (1908), and an Autobiography (1920) (Mitzen 182). Although Carnegie only stood somewhere between 52&quot and 56&quot, he &quothad to be a great, tough, disciplined giant of a man.&quot His commitment to others is not only seen through his many magnanimous works, but in the way he lived, including his tombstone in the sleepy-eyed Hollow Cemetery of North Tarrytown, New York, where the epitaph reads, &quotHere lies a man who was able to surround himself with men far cleverer than himself."

Causes of WW1 :: World War I History

Causes of WW1I think that the First World War was the production of long-standing rivalries rather than a badly mismanaged Balkan Crisis because it was these rivalries that led to the Balkan Crisis. The Balkan Crisis whitethorn appear mismanaged because antecedent crises such as those in Morocco in 1905 and 1911 did non result in struggle. In the July Crisis Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire) despite not having conclusive proof. Austria-Hungary asked for German support to eliminate Serbia as a strength factor in the Balkans. Germany agreed, offering her full support for Austria- Hungary to start a war with Serbia, and this became known as the blank cheque. Austria-Hungary and Germany could not pretend failed to realise the possibility of Russian intervention and a European war, suggesting to me that war was their objective. Austria-Hungary issued an impossible ultimatum to Serb ia, which was likely to provoke a war. Serbia was given only 48 hours to reply, so was forced to think quickly, or other countries would be mobilized and fixate to attack. Serbia accepted all but one point of the ultimatum. Consequently war was announced. If given more time Serbia could have discussed the issue further in a conference. The British foreign minister, Grey suggested a conference, but this was rejected by Germany and Austria-Hungary, suggesting that they had deliberate aims for war during the Balkan Crisis, rather than the Balkan Crisis being mismanaged. There was a long-standing rivalry between Austria-Hungary and Russia due to their interests in the Balkans. Russia saw her role as leading and supporting her fellow Slav peoples in the Balkans. This Pan-Slav concept provided an type excuse to interfere in the Balkans and to extend Russias influence towards the Eastern Mediterranean. ideally Russia wished to open the Dardenelles straits to its warships. Austria-Hungary was concerned that this Russian encouragement of nationalism may threaten her b golf-clubs and inspire nationalism within her own empire. In turn, Germany recognised that as Austrias closest ally her fate was linked with that of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Austria-Hungary was anxious to foreclose Russian encroachment in the Balkans. This aim would be best served by the elimination of Serbia, Russias Balkan ally. In 1878, Russia was humiliated at the Congress of Berlin when her proposal for a Greater Bulgarian state was rejected and Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia to maintain order amongst the nationalist revolts.

An Open Minded Woman Rooted in Indian Tradition :: Interview Essays

An Open Minded Woman Rooted in Indian TraditionI dont mentality if my parents try to find a son for me. Arranged marriages are still a common thing in my family. I dont know what my parents will say if I have a boyfriend here and he is from a nonher country. I am authoritative that they will not adamantly reject it, but they maybe disappointed.What a surprise for me that in the year 2000, there are some hatful who still undergo arranged marriages. I am thinking that it must(prenominal) be awkward for me to do it, but it is not for Preeti. Preeti Kela, a starter motor student at State College, was born and raised in the crowd city of Calcutta. Her long, black, and wavy hair, her caramel skin color, her black eyes, and her facial features key out it obvious to others that she is Indian. Her family came from Rajashtan, one of the states in India. It is true that for her family, arranged marriages are not something new. Her older sister went through one last summer. Moreover, Pree ti does not mind this tradition as long as her parents give her enough snip to get to know the man and feel comfortable with him, and she can conclude on her own whether or not to marry him. Although she seems quiet and shy, Preeti is not a close-minded woman and she always expresses her opinion. She is open to new ideas and varied cultures. She went to a British Catholic school from the very beginning of her education. She had to get hold of everything using English. It shows that Preeti opens to new things since her childhood. If she agrees with the tradition of arranged marriage, it does not necessarily plastered she just does whatever it says. She told me that once she argued with her mom about the way they pray. Her mom, who is a conservative Hindu, required her to pray in front the idols, read the mantra, and does conjecture in the big temple or her family shrine. Preeti likes to pray in her board by herself. For her, it is not necessary to pray in a particular place a nd read the mantra every time she prays, and it does not need to be in front of the idols.