The Language And Linguistic Competence English Language Essay

The Language And Linguistic Competence English Language proveLinguistic competency, besides being a part communicative competency, deals with delivery as such(prenominal) in oral communicating which encompasses many spheres namely phonology that deals with pronunciation and perception of speech sounds, prosody that is necessitateed when exploitation transition to convey syntactic reading and the ability to interpret the discipline conveyed through intonation, lexis or diction which is the ability to choose the proper lexis in communication and make sense of the subtle meaning of a cash in ones chipsrence word or expression, and grammar that helps sentence formation and interpretation of sentence meaning. thence(prenominal) one inevitably to clarify the nature of a language. Languageis a set of rules for generating speech1, or system of conventional spoken or written symbols intent by people in a sh ar finale to communicate with each unlike2. This shargond culture is cre ated by people. Hence, language locoweednot exist without its go forrs. If its pulmonary tuberculosisr quits using a language, then it ceases to exist. The vivid example is Latin language (here, the usage of Latin in medicine or other sciences is omitted). For a language to exist on that point should be society, because it is the society that uses and modifies language as time goes by.How many languages be there in the world? Entologue research counted 6909 languages in the world3. And harmonise to Encarta Encyclopedia there argon ten mostly utilise languages in the world Mandarin Chinese, Hindi or Urdu, Spanish, English, Arabic, Bengali, Russian, Portuguese, Japanese, and German4,5. These are used in intercultural communication most of all.Nonetheless, any language can swear out as a channel for information flow. Yet, one language can lease many speech communities that are big and small. Lobanov6implemented this landmark to describe variations of one language that exist, since one language can induce many versions like, for example, English (British English, American English) or variances of one language in one country i.e. dialect.Language by its nature can parcel out not only as means of communication, but also as self identification or identification of others. Likewise, one can use a language to exclude people from communication. For instance, in Russian prison houses inmates use prison jargon in communication so that staff of prison would not fancy what they are talking about.Communication can occur if participants of oral communication know and use a common language. It is more than easier if they are autochthonal utterers of the common language and share a attracter of common ground knowledge. However, if they speak a completely different language, they wont have good interaction, except primitive exchange of basic information by hand gestures that can be misleading or they would need to hire an interpreter. This section of the disser tation presents the detail when people do speak a common language, however that means of communication is not their native language and they dont have common grounding. In such case, people would have different styles of communication that reside in their culture and differ from others that naturally cause miscommunication between them. There are 6 personas of oral miscommunication which are caused by deficiency of knowledge of various language spheres such as phonology, lexis, grammar, and cultural competence7.Table.2 Model for the categorization of nonnative-native communicativeisers oral miscommunication and its causes.Mispronunciation when encode in speaking rail at and error of spoken due to lack of decent competence in prosody and phonologyMisperception when decoding when hearingMisspeaking when encryption in speakingMisuse and misunderstanding of spoken due to lack of adequate grammar and lexis competence /Misinterpretation of spoken because of lack adequate intercul tural competence or socio-cultural differences interpret or non-understanding when decodingMisformulating spoken discourse ill-use and misinterpretation of spoken due to lack of adequate pragmatic competence/Misinterpretation of spoken because of lack adequate intercultural competence or socio-cultural differencesMisunderstanding or non-understanding of spoken discourse.Zhenxian Wang, Verbal Miscommunication Between English Native Speakers And Chinese Learners of English, Beijing Institute of Education, 2009, p. 5-11.Mispronunciation which is the offshoot point of the above table deals with encoding in speaking. Here Encoding is meant to be at the productive phonologic level, which has three broad types segmental, juntoal, and supersegmental. Segmental mispronunciation occurs in individual consonants or vowels combination mispronunciation refers to the omission of one consonant in a consonant cluster, forgetful pronunciation of linking sounds and weak forms suprasegmental mispro nunciation comprises the phenomena of stress (word stress and sentence stress) rhythm, and intonation8. For instance, one who speaks English that is not good enough could pronounce enkindle instead of hit, think like sink and many other dustup incorrectly.Misperception when decoding when hearing. It occurs when one wrongly perceive or fail to espy the pronunciation of address. For instance, one can see the difference between shanty and hot, sink and think, Seek and sick and other terminology as he or she efficiency apply the competence on phonology of his or her native language which might differ tremendously.Misspeaking when encoding in speaking. Misuse of lexis, which often results from their lack of knowledge of the connotation of the lexis. For instance, one could say In lame mans terms instead of In laymans terms meaning individual who lacks specialized knowledge on a topic. It wouldnt be correct, or nice, to go after someone a lame man.Misunderstanding or non-underst anding when decoding. Ignorance of a spoken communication connotation can lead to misspeaking, so it can also conduct about misunderstanding. For instance, there is an expression break your leg that is used as a wish of good luck for the actors or entertainers before their performance. It is sometimes used even in the casual everyday life. Without knowing it, the alien might be offended that someone is suggesting breaking ones leg.Misformulating spoken discourse. For instance, in China, when the military offers anything to drink or eat, the guest, whether he or she wants to take it or not, will usually reply with a ritual No when asked for the first time. Then the host insists that the guest would accept the offer, replying with something like ok. Whereas, in certain(prenominal) other cultures of such continents as North America or Europe, the host does not serve drink or food against the spoken wishes of the guest. For that reason, in the western world, a Chinese person ends u p without food or drink because of his or her ritual answer. Non-native speakers tend to employ the conversation strategies from their cultures, when they are not appropriate in cultures of native speakers or people from other cultures.Non-understanding of discourse force is often a result of failure to learn discourse markers. For example, the discourse force of the sentence Nice meeting you is to intercept the conversation however, a nonnative speaker may not understand it. As a result, s/he continues talking to the native speaker who finally has to finish the conversation by saying Sorry, we have to go.9This situation took emerge between a Chinese high school feminine teacher of English and a female visitor from America when they met at the Tiananmen Square for the first time10.3.1 Vocabulary or LexisWords are the basic units of any language in the world that are used in sentences supported by grammar. They are loaded with meanings that can be good, neutral or bad. Problems a rise when, for instance, some of the words and phrases whose meanings are unvalued to the hearer, which hinder the hearer from comprehension of the conversation. Likewise there are the words known to the hearer but are undesired to be use due to their degree of rudeness. Here I will present and controvert certain categories of words and expressions that require special attention as they might cause miscommunication.3.2 applyThe first aspect of lexis in intercultural communication that needs reviewing is slang. The reason behind it is that slang and its misunderstanding can cause behavioral and Mindset Anxiety, Discomfort Fear of the Unknown, Prejudice and Stereotyping, Perceived Cultural high quality or Ethnocentrism, Racial, Sexual, and Educational Discrimination11.One needs to understand that gull is an ever changing set of colloquial words and phrases that speakers use to be or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness at bottom a group or trend or fashion in society at l arge12. The usage of slang in verbal intercultural communication might raise a barrier or misunderstanding as slang is attached to a certain social group, culture or subculture, rather not to language as such. Hence, a person who employs slang in his or her speech with foreigners that is used in communication among the representatives of his or her social group might be misunderstood or not understood at all.There are certain criteria for words to be considered as slang13Its presence will markedly lower, at least for the moment, the dignity of formal or serious speech or writing.Its use implies the exploiters special familiarity either with the referent or with that of less shape or less responsible class of people who have such familiarity and use the term.It is a tabooed term in ordinary disclosure with persons of higher(prenominal) social status or greater responsibility.It is used in place of the well-known conventional synonyms, especially in order (a) to protect the exploit er from the discomfort caused by the conventional item or (b) to protect the user from the discomfort or annoyance of further elaboration.The most important is to give that communication requires common ground knowledge for both parties of communication14. Slang cannot be considered a common ground for intercultural conversation as different nations do not share the knowledge of the same slang crosswise the globe. Not to mention that slang should be avoided in certain settings of official meetings at any cost. The best option is to exclude the use of this type of vocabulary for speech in intercultural communication.