International Bond and Currency Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Bond and Currency Markets - Essay casefulIn precise, it also helps in pre-determining the fluctuation of the currency appreciation or depreciation in follow to countries and influenced cross border trade prospects by a substantial extent. It is noneworthy that the volatility of transform deem, in the picayune meet and also in the long run depends on multiple factors such as the demand and supply prospects in the monetary market. Arguably, forecasting in the long run and compact run is considered as quite difficult, which can be explained with reference to the Theory of Speculation in the market and the corporate belief of the investors about the future prospects (Andreou & Zombanakis, 2006). Based on these underpinnings about the importance of forecasting exchange rate fluctuations, this essay will aim at emphasising the challenges commonly witnessed by analysts when obtaining the intended forecasting results in the petty run as well as in the long run perfor mance of the exchange rate. Challenges in Forecasting Exchange Rate in Short Run Arguably, in the short run, the forecasting of exchange rate is nearly impossible. Forecasts, which are delivered by the macroeconomic factors, are generally less(pre tokenish) accurate than the results obtained through with(predicate) Random Walk theory application. In general, the Random Walk Theory presumes that market changes, in harm of personal line of credit-prices changes, are unpredictable. Even though in the long run forecasting, the theory has been considered by many financial investors and analysts, the short run implications of Random Walk theory remains under considerable scrutiny. It is in this stage setting that no claims to substantiate a perfect Random Walk model in the short-run stock price fluctuation were firmly made. On the contrary, arguments centralised on the theory that forecasting stock-prices changes in the short run is challenging owing to the fact that in the short run, the volatility of the exchange rate is less but the speed of convergence based on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is slower than that record in the long run (Babazadeh & Farrokhnejad, 2012). Correspondingly, it has been argued that the level of exchange rate in the short run is not very predictable, but is also not entirely unpredictable, as the volatility of the currency and the correlation amid them vary with time and hence, forecasting becomes challenging (Mitra, 2008). The current account balances, real income of the people, interest rates, the preferences of the consumers regarding the domestic or foreign products, are all signified as market fundamentals influence the stock-prices in the short run, as per the conceptual framework of PPP. As explained by Taylor & Taylor (2004 135), PPP is a disarmingly simple theory that holds that the nominal exchange rate among two currencies should be equal to the ratio of aggregate price levels between the two countries, so that a unit of currency of one country will have the same purchasing power in a foreign country. Subsequently, it is the monetary policies, the fiscal policies and the market speculations relate the forecasting decisions in the short run. These factors are important when considering the financial transfers with regards to the

Comparing the executive branches of Russia and Japan Essay

Comparing the decision maker branches of Russia and Japan - Essay ExampleHe is appointed by the emperor. He can be a civilian. He leads civilian cabinet. The executive is under the Diet. It is evident that the executive arms of Russian and Japanese government be different. The differences are many, starting with the composition and the heads of these arms. This paper is liberation to look at these differences. It will also look at the similarities where they occur, for similarities are to be found.This country got its independency in 1919. This is following the tumbling of the Soviet Union. It was formally called Russian Federation under the Soviet Union. In December of 1993, the presidency was included in constitution. This was during the president of the time, Boris Yelstin. The presidency was handed more powers1 . This constitution enjoin that the president be the head of the state. The formulation of the policies touching on the position of the government in and let on of Ru ssia is under his docket. The president is above the three components of the government2 . He is the one who directs the executive and the opposite two branches. The other is judiciary and the legislative. He is the chief of state.The powers of the president are so much such that his directives can not be tampered with by the parliament. He recommends on the operations of the government. He has the last word in the nominating address of the ministers to the cabinet and the structure of the government. ... The resolutions and decrees of the government are at the mercy of the president1. He has the power to nullify these directives. As such, the president heads the executive. The office of the prime minister is simply that of a public officer under the powers of the president.A president is voted for by the citizens2. He goes for a term of four years in the office. He is allowed to be at the same position for two terms. In the constitution, there is no provision for the position of t he transgression president. In case the presidency falls vacant for any reason (demise, poor health, impeachment or composure of the incumbent), the prime minister heads the same in an acting capacity. A new election should be conducted in ninety days. There is a board that is formulated to advice the president. It is called the State Council of the State of Russia. Then the president has his arrest staff. This is the Presidential Administration of Russia.3. It also gives insurance support. This body has an additional function of drafting the decrees of the head of state. It coordinates the policy of the government in the agencies. The prime minister is picked by the president4. He is then vetoed by Duma. The latter is the bring down house of the parliament. The members are called deputies. He is the leader of government. The president then appoints two first deputies to the prime minister. He does not need consult the prime minister on these appointments. He then appoints sever al legate prime ministers. Currently, this country has at least six deputy prime ministers.Under his docket, there are several offices. The first is the cabinet. He is the head of this unit. But the members of the cabinet are picked by the leader of state. The

Outsourcing vs. Off Shoring Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Outsourcing vs. Off Shoring - Assignment Example unitary of the criticisms of off shoring is that it denies the local community employment opportunities as it transfers jobs to foreign countries, and therefore companies that participate in off shoring do not directly contribute to the economic break outment of the local community. As for outsourcing companies, they are mainly criticised for relying on third parties to fulfil some of their core functions thereby failing to develop in-house knowledge of the outsource functions. Secondly, outsourcing has the potential of misaligning customers interest since some core functions of the business are not performed by the company originally contracted (Oshri et al. 2009).Outsourcing and off shoring have similarities in advantages they offer that include lessen cost of operations, sub-contracting of work to equally qualified external workforce, and labour flexibilities.According to the studies conducted by Tuckman (1965), he express that high performance teams usually follow five common points or phases that include the forming, the storming, the norming, the performing, and the adjoining stage.For teams that perform either outsourced or off shored tasks, a team attractor in the forming stage which is the first stage will bring together different members so as to form the team, at this stage the team leader may just introduce members and then proceed to the next stage, which is the storming stage. Under the storming stage, the team leader will exercise his or her authority by delegating tasks to team members and clearly define the teams objectives and goals. Under the norming stage, team leaders usually try to control the fallouts witnessed in the storming stage and a well-structured hierarchy is usually established. Under the fourth stage, the team leader usually engage in ontogenesis team members as they work towards achieved the objectives and goals that were delegated to the team. The last stage of managing of team is the adjourning stage whereby team

Argumentative Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Argumentative Analysis - Essay ExampleStarting with the hypothesis of having unlimited clip, Marvell tells the woman in the poem that he would take forever to love her. He tells her that her refusal would not matter then, even if she refused money box the conversion of the Jews (Marvell), because he would have ample time to win her affections time being infinitely visible(prenominal) to him. Moreover, Marvell states, he would have taken to just praise the lady and her magnificent attributes. However, he soon comes endorse to authorizedity, telling the lady that in actuality such timelessness is not available to them both. Thereby, Marvell reverses his logic and tries to make the real world with limited time seem problematic and even repulsive to the mistress (Stephens 1).With this repulsion for time lost, Marvell points out the logical that they should take the opportunity now, when they have the chance and the time, to love each other. Marvell says that as they do not have a s ay in how this world operates, with regard to time, they do have a choice as to how they live their life, in his own words, Thus, though we cannot make our sun / Stand still, withal we will make him run (Marvell).Although the poem is based around a sexual premise a man asking his mistress to make love to him the underlying theme of Marvells work is only if this we are time-bound beings, and if we do not make the most of what we have today, we will not only chase away the opportunities afforded to us, but we shall also regret our passiveness later on. As he says, The graves a fine and private place, / But none, I think, do there embrace (Marvell), i.e. when an opportunity is lost forever, you cannot get along it back.Certainly, we are limited beings, forced to follow the laws of character. The passage of time is one such law of nature we cannot overcome or change. We are, all of us,

Reporting Panics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Reporting Panics - Essay ExampleOne of such factors that readily father to mind is the issue of technology, which has come to enhance both the efficiency and effectiveness of the name of journalists (Winslow, 2011). One grand thing about news media is that it is not all journalists who do the same kind of work. This is perhaps the beingness is highly diverse and so news that must be picked from different sectors of it must be diverse. As much as the work of every other type of journalist is very important and respectable, it whitethorn be valid to argue that acquaintance journalism or science reporting in familiar is particularly important. This could be because of the importance that science as a concept in todays world carries (Slosson, 2010).Regardless of the importance of their work and the factors that have been said to make journalism, and for that matter science journalism more advanced, there continues to be some criticisms against journalists for distorting science ne ws. In this paper, it will be argued and agreed with that this shout that journalists distort science news simply overlook the various factors that shape the reporting of science. By this, origin is being made to the fact that the writer will argue that there are several factors that stay accurate science journalism that critiques of science reporting have not critically considered. Should some of these factors be given serious consideration, the best that can be done would be to resolve those factors so that the itinerary will be paved for science journalists to be more accurate with their work rather than distorting science news. This is because there is sufficient evidence to the effect that journalists have gone every breadth to ensure that their work is highly esteemed and comes with the reputation it deserves (Slosson, 2014). Whiles the paper discusses the various factors that shape the reporting of science, the role that journalists themselves can play, as well as scienti sts can play in making science reporting

IMMIGRANTS SHOULD STAY OR LEAVE UNITED STATES Essay

IMMIGRANTS SHOULD STAY OR LEAVE unify STATES - Es assign ExampleThe United States of America is like that new house to immigrants, legal or prohibited. numerous have spent all their lives living here. To many second and third generation immigrants, this is all there is. So illegal immigrants, in my opinion, should stay in the United States they should be given the chance to rick legal. Evicting illegal immigrants would require an unimaginable amount of resources. There are estimates of 11 to 12 million illegal immigrants in the United States (Saad, 2007). The resources required to first trace and then evict them would be colossal. Some experts say that it is not necessary to evict every single one of them. A hard crackdown and the eviction of a few thousand would send out a clear message to the rest that they were better come to leaving. However, others believe that immigrants already braving everything to remain in the United States would employ more diligent measures to remai n uncaught (Tamar Jacoby as cited in Jacoby, 2007). They would merely increase revenue for human traffickers and document forgers.

Adult Learner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Adult Learner - Essay ExampleAccording to Slaney personal or collective hang-up roll in the hay assist enceinte learners look at the optimistic feature of interrupting satisfaction to complete higher(prenominal)(prenominal) education. Contributors should assist bounteous learners concentrate on all three predilections. Even with the difficult family and professional responsibilities adult learners discover to cope attain educational objective becomes supreme. The changeover in the educational surroundings itself can be a test for adult learners. Adult learners create equilibrium in habitat, employment, and school tasks. eyepatch tackling with individual matters adult learners are also required to concentrate on the requirements of formal learning. Adult learners who bop the political character of education are being sensible about the method and atmosphere of higher education. Beginners may at first need assistance with this job. The openings propel an obvious note of greeting to adult learners. Educational surroundings that make easy learning for adults are friendly places. The replica proposes a trial-and-error instrument for investigation on the apprehensions of adult learners. Adult learners vary in their ability of tackling with the structure psychiatric hospital of higher education vary in their consideration to the requirements of adult learners. The Adult Persistence in development approach offers a deliberate road map to direct counseling involvement with adult learners in higher education. So MacKinnon Slaneys article directly relates to our course material as the writers agree that adults should be able to change

Economics in one lesson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

economics in one lesson - Essay ExampleHe argues that, the art of economics involves analyzing primary and secondary do these policies to all groups.The book discusses in details several fallacies such as high taxes, evils that take indue in the public projects, minimum wage rate, effects of bailout, price control, tariffs on imports, rent control, trade meat activities, regulations and economic effects of governing actions. Parity pricing, disbanding a large number of troops, commodity stabilization and pretension are fallacies that are not given much weight but are included in this book.Hazlitt does not object public program spending but rejects the use of public projects as a plan of injecting money into the economy. He argues that public projects should be justified based on their importance to the economy. specie outsourced from the clandestine sector by the government in the form of taxes is used to fund public projects. use the bridge example, Hazlitt argues that crea ting a job in the public sector kills another job in the private sector. In such projects there are things which are not permitted to come into existence. In paragraph 3 of this book, Hazlitt argues that, the secondary effect on public projects is in the form of how money used to fund these projects is deviate to other areas. Unfortunately, such news most likely will not be reported on considering the kind of news that are being aired nowadays.Government never does as well in making loans as the private sector does. This is because people tend to be more careful with their give birth money (Hazlitt. Para8). Unfortunately, most of the time this fact is always hidden because swelled loans made by the government are hidden in most federal spending. On the other hand, when banks collapse due to bad loans, it is announced all over the news. Political considerations further hide the bad loans as a conduce of government lending. This

Should Early Education Have Forgien Language Taught Essay

Should Early Education claim Forgien Language Taught - Essay ExampleThese views were also turned upside down later by rolling wave and Lambert that showed how superior it is attainment two languages in the early age than one (Peal & Lambert,1962) . They conducted various experiments for children who started learning a reciprocal ohm language in their early childhood and compared it to their achievements and academic skills in their later life. It was paramount in the research that they were no less(prenominal) efficient, skilled and knowledgeable than those who did not learn a certify language. It is very essential for children to fully acquire their first language as researches show that if they do not, they whitethorn have problems in becoming an academic professional and fully cultured in their here and now language. This is because of the interrelatedness of language and cognitive growth. When parents use their first language that they know the best with their children there are less destinys of the interruption of the cognitive growth of the children. The research further concludes that whatever learnt in the first language all knowledge, organization, development, skills, academic literacy etc will be transferred to back language when learnt. Children expand their language learning depending on how lots they use and practice it. Parents who communicate more often in their first language develop get around linguistic skills ability to express their needs, ideas and feelings. If children do not acquire their first language, it may become a problem for them in the future to express their thoughts efficiently (Collier, 1992). However, other argues that when children learn all new nurture and knowledge in their second language in later life,... According to the paper some researchers argue that cognitive skills must be completely acquired before the brain is fully matured. Learning a second language at any age is an amazing experience in different ways exactly children have the most to gain from a wonderful quest. Children involuntarily believe that learning a second language is fun to explore and play around. Children who are bilingual have a bigger view of the world and see the bigger picture from different contexts. This paper approves that global village has affected children in a way that they are exposed to multicultural and multinational society. Children whether immigrants or non-immigrant get a chance to express their selves to an outer world which has learning a second language other than their mother applauder as the most important determinant for cross-cultural relationships. Also, people tend to learn a second language for improve opportunities and exploration of the world. The whole discussion showed that it is improve to learn the language earlier in children life which comes up with lot of ease, benefits and opportunities that cannot be attained if the second language is learnt at adolescent or adulthood. Moreover, researches also showed that learning a second language helps in exercising the brain which helps in better understanding of things, perspectives and memory storage. Thus, people who are bilingual or multilingual found to have better opportunities, academic skills and knowledge.

Assignment proposal 4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposal 4 - appellative ExampleQuestionnaires are one of the data collection methods that I forget use in this research. In my questionnaires, I depart include both closed-ended and open-ended questions. Closed-ended questions entrust capture non-negotiable information such as the name of the organization and the department from which my respondents volition be coming from. Individual opinions about what different aspects of privatization will be captured using open-ended questions. Since questionnaires are effective in market research, they will help solving my research question because it has to do with the private sector (Roland 2008, 34).Interviews are the other data method that will be employed in my dissertation research. Interviews will be essential in probing respondents on the basis of their personal beliefs and opinions about privatization. These interviews will be done with face-to-face encounters with respondents or through telephone calls for respondents who wil l not be accessible through face-to-face meeting. One thing that makes interviews comfortable in answering my research question is that they will allow follow up questions on the answers that respondents will give hence providing a better understanding of the topic (IMF 2010, 71).The demographics that may be of significance to this research include age, level of education and the position in which every respondent serves in Zain Company. Age demographics will provide insight into the varying perceptions of privatization by different generations including baby boomers (born between 1940s and 1960s) and the millennial (born between 1970s and 2000). Gender will be captured but may not have a determine impact on the findings on the topic under study. All participants that are employees of Zain Company will be eligible for inclusion in this study. Government employees in the Department of Statistics will be included as key participants in this research (Megginson 2005, 27).In analyzing my data, I

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 57

Philosophy - Essay ExampleSocrates was accused in corrupting cutting generations while he not only fulfilled his civil obligations conscientiously, but demanded the same from others. The main inclination of his philosophic activity was to serve the society. This activity was directed on preparation of people with high direct of intelligence, moral virtues and strong feeling of obligation and responsibility, which could bring much benefit to the society. He stated habituate your time in improving yourself by other mens writings, so that you shall gain easily what others have heavy(p) hard for (Socrates). He wanted young people to become more educated making less(prenominal) mistakes and not wasting time for their correction.Socrates had a chance to stay alive. When he was considered guilty by the court, he had a chance to stay alive due to the fact that he was already old and if he had decided to refuse from his beliefs. But Socrates was not going to justify himself anyhow and t o refuse from anything. This was a harming of sacrifice made in order to prove that he and his followers would keep revealing the truth, feel for the new gods and influencing new generations. He did not only refuse to excuse for his philosophic activity, but as well as made such arguments, which the judges simple could not treat nicely. He irritated judges by stating that he was not afraid of finis. In the apology he stated to fear death, gentlemen, is no other than to think oneself wise when one is not, to think one knows what one does not know. No one knows whether death may not be the greatest of all blessings for a man, yet men fear it as if they knew that it is the greatest of evils(Socrates). The philosopher said that he had been living for 70 years and knew pretty well what he like and what he did not liked and such statement testified about his wisdom. He considered death to be a blessing for himself (May, 2000).The conclusion can be made that Socrates may have been con sidered

Small Business Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Small Business Management - Assignment ExampleStudying the data of the on roue sales of enlarged chain stores like Gap toleratenot provide an accurate assessment of the situation faced by startup ventures in the E commerce. A better approach would be to case study analysis on small vendors who are operating in the same kind of tog categories as the planned clothing store and see the strategies they have picked out which led to either success or failure. Further standby information can be gathered from analysis done by interrogation companies on E-commerce, prognosis of profitability for online clothing stores and such topic for a prescribed fee. Some primary research can also be conducted either on the selling strategy or the tastes and preferences of nodes through interviews or surveys. These would insinuate what type of apparel are the customers looking for, what kind of service they expect from an online store and help assay how far can you satisfy their need. The resea rch is an essential component of designing a suitable marketing strategy and more extensive research would steer the strategy towards success. Any cost incurred in conducting the research should be considered as investment. 2. In designing the marketing strategy the first question is what kind of breakdown the clothing line is going to target. After the strategy has been identified, it becomes easier to organize resources and marketing campaigns towards your core customers increasing the chances of customer acquirement and retention Unsegmented strategy Followed by clothing stores with either a uniform commit of garments (plain Jeans or category like headwear) or with large margins available to cater to the masses their customers could be from all walks of life but some characteristics could be as follows Availability of disposable income not necessary. wholeness individuals or Families in need of regular new clothes Comfortable with social outings (like shopping) Have an pursu ance in advertising, can be persuaded for a trial purchase Multisegment Strategy In this strategy, the clothing line would be designed to appeal to certain different kind of segments only and these are the customers that will be targeted by the company. Considering a clothing line with economical, casual clothes as well as voguish clothes for tweens there can be two different groups of customers targeted A. Economical, casual clothes B. Trendy clothes for tweens Middle aged males or females Most probably part of a family unit, with kids Working full beat or part time Have a casual social life, with kids or family Mid degree income level Emergency savings but low amount of disposable income Time conscious Would be persuaded to purchase clothes if it is convenient and seems like a good bargain Children and teenagers from ages 11-16 Coming for mid and speed tier income families Have a monthly allowance Allowed to choose own clothes Interested in pop culture and latest fashions Conc erned about their image their clothing portrays Parents are primary earners may be able to use nag factor to persuade parents Single-segment strategy Also known as concentrated or niche strategy it is adopted by firms with a low amount of recourses to throw away on marketing or a unique product which can only be marketed to a single segment of customers.

Cover letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cover letter - try ExampleMy goal is to follow a career as an emergency room nurse.Through my bygone emergency room experiences I hold gained a deep understanding of a nurses role in patient care. I am committed to providing the best out add together possible for those who come to me for help. It has been humbling to see the miracles that happen on a daily basis at my work, and I couldnt imagine a more satisfying job.In my current position at Beth Israel, I have learned the importance of maintaining accuracy and precision in high pressure situations. Having gained the awareness of how my decisions impact those virtually me, I know that one of my top priorities is being a team player.I am rattling interested in working for St. Johns because of the excellent reputation the hospital has gained throughout the medical community. Paying destruction attention to following hospital policies have become second-nature for me. I am thoroughly acquainted with the beseeming procedures to g et things done in the most efficient way possible.I would welcome the opportunity to chew out with you in person about the possibilities. I will give you a call next calendar week to discuss whether a meeting would be appropriate. Please feel free to contact me by border or email if you have questions in the

The Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Art chronicle - Essay ExampleMichael Heizer was in fact the original mind female genital organ the idea of the fork-like blackball mold that attracted significant attention from the public and other players in the field of art. His creation of the complex 1 was another contribution to an idea that already existed and set into practice in the history of aborigine America. The build on the complex 1 typically reflected the method of house construction in the traditional Native American society and the structure of the cities historical cities found in the Central and Northern America. The double prejudicial and the complex 1 city created by Michel take over played great role in expanding the apprehensiveness of art. Michaels whole works and creation demonstrate the possible interrelationship existing between architectural works and the simple art. It then becomes apparent that architectural work also constitutes art as it involves creation of refreshed and unique struct ures ever thought about in the world. Double cast out and complex 1 sculpture purposefully encourage and persuade artists concerning limitless creativity and the practicality of perform art in the external surroundings outside the museums (Russel). The double negative and the complex 1 city are furnished with beautiful colorations that have increasingly created the perception and understanding of the structures as artistic works rather than plain architect. The interior of part of the complex 1 has well formed projections and partitions that just depict the powerful artistic mind behind their creation. The walls of the double negative valley are systematically and stylistically cropped to create very attractive images. The double negative sculpture in its own identity and form is very symbolic of the mass of grease removed from the earth to create space bordered by two standing cliffs. The symbolism created by double negative could also mean going back. From the perspectives of American history, many societies that lived in the 18th done to 19th century were unanimous with discrimination and prejudice that somehow reduced towards the end of the 19th and primal 20th centuries. In the mid 20th century, the initial elements of discrimination and prejudice begun to spread once once more in the American society. Double negative could perhaps been created to message the American society about the negative steps they made by being sensitive to an ill and unethical aspects of discriminati

Compare and Contrast Research Essay on Oedipus Rex

discriminate and Contrast Research on Oedipus Rex - Essay ExampleIt is dramatic irony that the residents are seeking the firmness to the problem from the iodin person causing their suffering by sidesplitting his predecessor king Laius. some(prenominal) the residents and king Oedipus are privy of this fact.Dramatic irony is an aspect of style used in literary analysis in which the words as well as the actions of the characters in a given turn tail of literature portray a different meaning for the reader than they do for the characters themselves. The situation arises when the reader reckon to have a wider knowledge than the characters in the story. It can further be defined as a dramatic effect in which the audience is lead to develop an understanding of an incongruity that exist in the midst of a given situation and the accompanying speeches while the characters in the play are completely non aware of the incongruity.Dramatic irony comes when the old prophet, Tiresias is sum moned by the king Oedipus ridicules him because he is blind. The audience understands that Oedipus is blind to the truth. Tiresias in a fit of anger tells Oedipus that though he can see he is blind to the truth. When Oedipus becomes blind, he finally realizes the truth of what Tiresias had told him. The dramatic irony is that it is actually the blind man who sees in mocking Tiresias, Oedipus calls Tiresias unashamed and brainless, sightless, senseless sot. It is ironical when Oedipus calls the old man shameless when he is actually the one who is shameless for killing his father, inheriting his throne and marrying his own mother. When he vows not to stop until he finds and punishes Laius killer he says Now, since I am ruler and holds this kingdom that he held before- holding also the bed and wife we have both(prenominal) sown and children of the same mother would have been born to us, had his line not been ill-fated-since chance (270) has driven me into that ones powers, therefore I shall

Networking in Business Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Networking in Business Organizations - render ExampleA leader must be fully equipped with social networking skills in nightspot to gain further information and a proper reference list of who to go to with what problem (Alt & Flesch, pg. 395-401, 2001). The expressions main purpose is to educate leadinghip and future managers about the benefits of networking and how to become accustomed with the process. It aims to ease and inspire leaders by informing them of the peaks of success that they can accomplish with networking skills and the consequences suffered by a overleap of them. The article clearly explains the importance of networking by illustrating a few examples from real life leadership situations in which leaders father lost out on promotions or the ability to stop an accomplishment or merger because they did not take out enough time for networking or socialization. The article states that many leaders find networking as a useless or unethical activity. They believe it to be an activity of using acquaintances for your own advantage or taking favors from strangers. Hence, such leaders do not find it worthwhile or feasible to engage in networking activities. Discussion The article describes the three forms of networking which include personal networking, working(a) networking, and strategic networking. ... articular emphasis upon the skills required to properly network, but also gives a few tips through with(predicate) illustrative stories of real- life executives and how they overcame their lack of social skills (Ibarra & Hunter, 2007). Hence, it provides a solution to the problem instead of just stating the problem. Moreover, it shows us how bookish knowledge and technical expertise are not the only sources of information for a course executive and how important who-you-know is compared to what-you-know (Balkundi & Kindoff, pg 400, 2006). While the article gives sound information upon the acquisition of social skills and the importance of ge tting them, it does not mention how to use these skills and when it is not appropriate to use them. Networking should be used up to a certain terminus however, it does carry some ethical implications with it (Novak, pp. 29-33, 2008). These ethical considerations must be taken into depth psychology when using personal networks to your advantage in a business organization. Moreover, the article is well-organized but does not have a proper sequence to enhance the understanding of the reader. The information in it is repetitive to some extent and lays too much emphasis upon the value of networking opposed to knowledge and intelligence (Bartol & Zhang, pg 389, 2007). However, it does provide insight into an unknown realm of leadership which may not have been considered just as important previously. It lays emphasis upon the acquisition of skills which were considered irrelevant or time-consuming without much benefit. The article uses simple language and is quite informative in its resp ect to what a leader should have. Opposing, the article lays too much emphasis upon the formation and use of networks and criticizes those leaders who have chosen not to

Teenage and Fashion Essay Example for Free

Teenage and Fashion EssayStatement For teenagers, mien is send-off and fore about a social statement. It is an outward means of expression to their peers and the rest of the world. Identity Fashion too provides teenagers a sense of identity by signaling which grouping they belong to (prep, punk, goth, etc. ). It may similarly signal a more independent or inclusive personality. Attraction Teens can be highly conscious virtually overall image when it comes to sexual attraction. They will often exploit fashion as a means to attract a certain type of person. Rebellion Rebellion may also be acted out via fashion. Since rebellion is often a huge aspect of a teenagers life, it is non horrible that teens often use licentious or shocking fashion to rebel against their parents, their classmates, and/or nightclub. Peer pressure level Many teens pick up on fashion trends in an effort to stave off dismay and mocking from peers. Poor fashion choices in the eyes of others can often be an open admission to ridicule. Celebrities Often, fashion for teenagers is the consequence of the desire to be like a celebrity.Celebrities are perhaps the greatest influences on teenagers in the modern world, and they can have a huge impact on a teens ideas about fashion and its importance. In our society, there are many issues that affect teens. Fashion is whatso ever sothing that teens use to control in which makes them struggle in their everyday life. Teens find brands to be something that will make them look classy as many teens say today at give instruction. Teisha-Vonique Hood from SMU stated that when people associate themselves with a crabby brand or branded image, they immediately assume a new identity that is in some sense, confined to the societal points of that brand.They classify themselves through the brands they wear and it makes them intent like they fit in. There is invariably that new shirt or those new jeans or just some new trend that happens to begin . Teens may feel like if they dont have the latest brands, they arent worthy or not able to fit in and be themselves. Also, teens find themselves to be a little under-confident or frighten by other people in their school. Ehow contributor, Ashton Pittman said that many teens pick up on fashion trends in an effort to stave off humiliation and mocking from peers. The majority of teens in high school have a fear of getting bullied or excluded.They use fashion to hide their fear and to feel more confident on who they are, or who they are campaigning to be. Their attitude towards fashion and the way society shows it to be can change a lot of teens opinions. Stated in SMU study, as a result of this need for peer acceptance, teenagers are receptive to characteristics such as character, personality, etc. Since a lot of teens try to find their identity through high school and fashion, it can ultimately change not solo their personality, but their character towards other people and family. Tying into this, celebrities are a big impact on teen fashion.Ashton Pittman also states that often, fashion for teenagers is the result of the desire to be like a celebrity. Teens look at celebrities and say Oh well if they can wear that, then why cant I and most of the time they end up giving the wrong idea to their friends and people around them. Have you ever tried to dress some way so that others accept you? A lot of teens dont realize that this is an issue on their everyday life because they are so caught up with trying to fit in. Just because other teens have the latest brand and you dont, doesnt mean that you arent unique.

Health of Indigenous Peoples Essay Example for Free

health of native Peoples EssayThis establish seeks to reason that whilst indigenous health policy whitethorn have been on the Australian public policy agenda since the1960s, the disruption among autochthonal and non- original health has remained. A brief explanation of the lives of endemic Australians front to the colonisation of Australia is given, followed by a description of divers(a) policies that have been introduced by the Australian regime to combat these inequalities. This strive demonstrates why these policies have been inadequate, in turn highlighting why the internalization of endemical knowledge in creating native health policies is crucial. This essay make fulls with a brief examination of the finale the Gap policy, which is utilising the knowledge of indigenous Australians in creating culturally sensitive Indigenous health policies. In conclusion, this essay demonstrates that by including Indigenous Australians in the policymaking process, we m ight be starting to close the spread. The health discrepancy of Indigenous Australians has long been a concern for Australia and the world. Whilst the overall health of Australia has continued to improve, the health of Indigenous Australians remains at levels below those of non-indigenous Australians.Whilst it may seem that there is a lot being d unitary to address these issues, the statistics demonstrate that policies implemented to address these issues have not been effective (Australian Indigenous healthInfoNet 2010 Australian Institute of Health and eudaemonia 2010, p. 29). The thesis of this essay is that whilst the government has been seen as attempting to address the issues of health inequalities of Indigenous Australians, it is only in new-fashioned times that the government has implemented classs that atomic number 18 anywhere near close to closing the gap mingled with Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians.To demonstrate this thesis, this essay bequeath firstly demonstrate the history of Indigenous health introductory to colonisation. This will be done to highlight how Indigenous health has declined dramatically since colonisation. This essay will hence discuss what the government has been doing since the 1967 referendum, in which Indigenous Australians were formally recognised in the Constitution, to address issues of health inequalities (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet 2010). In the next section, a discussion on the reasons why there is a large gap between Indigenous and non-indigenous health will occur.This will be followed by a discussion on the utilisation of Indigenous knowledge to provide adequate health renovations. This essay will finally discuss the current Closing The Gap policy (Australian Human Rights Commission 2011), which has been introduced to address issues that previous policies have failed to. This will be done to highlight the fact that whilst it may seem that as the Indigenous population request the knowledge and assistance of its non-indigenous counter dissociates, what is evident is that health of Indigenous populations has in fact declined since the colonisation of Australia. help slightness to recognise the correlation between colonisation and declining health of Indigenous people, will only see a continuation of the problem rather than seeing a positive change. Whilst the information pertaining to the health of Indigenous Australians prior to colonisation in 1788 appears to be scarce, what is kn feature is that Indigenous health has been on the decline since the arrival of European settlers. Indigenous Australians were considered to be healthier than those of their colonisers (Flood 2006, p. 120). prior to colonisation, there was no contact with the outside world and thence infectious diseases were minimal. Due to the introduction of new illnesses from colonisation, the population of Indigenous Australians declined (Carson 2007, p. 43). It was overly common for Indigenous women to stipulation sexual diseases from the often non-consensual contact with the colonisers (Carson 2007, p. 44). Health was in any case impacted upon by change in glide byt. Prior to colonisation, Indigenous Australians maintained a diet of protein and vegetables due to the animals and plants available to them (Flood 2006, p.120), as considerably as the elaborate they maintained from hunting and gathering (Flood 2006, p. 122).After colonisation, the Indigenous diet include many foods which saw an amplification in obesity, diabetes and heart disease (ODea 1991, p. 233). It was not just the introduction of disease and change in die that impacted upon Indigenous Australians health. Anthropological studies surrounding Indigenous culture have shown that Indigenous populations have close ties to the land, as the land is incorporated into their sense of being.Pieces of land belonged to particular groups of individuals, and the objects from the natural landscape were considered to be pa rt of their history (Carson 2007, p. 180). It was the failure of colonisers to understand this worldview that has contributed to the deterioration of noetic health amongst Indigenous Australians, as they were forced dispatch their lands and into settlements and reserves (Carson 2007, p. 49). This contributed to the feeling of being disconnected from land and family, exacerbating feelings of not be longing, lack of individuality and low self-esteem (Ypinazar et al.2007,p. 474).As one fag end see, the issue of health amongst Indigenous Australians is a multifactorial one, complicated by the differing world views of Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. It is due to this lack of apprehensiveness that has directed in a myriad of health policies that have attempted to address the issue of health inequality of Indigenous Australians. The first health policy to address the health issues of Indigenous Australians was implemented in 1968, with thirty five adjustments made betwee n then and 2006.Without freeing into the details of every amendment or new policy, what was common throughout this timeline, was that there were various bodies and institutions created to address the issues that had not been adequately addressed previously, responsibilities were allocated by the government to the states and territories, and programs were implemented to address health issues. reassign in governments as well as meant that policies were constantly changing, which meant that the ways in which health issues were seen and therefore addressed also changed (Australian Indigenous Health InfoNet 2010).When attempting to implement a policy that will adequately address the issue, what has been found is that comparative summary has been used to determine how health issues have been addressed in other countries. Whilst this kind of analysis may be sufficient in some circumstances, it does not suit such a situation where our Indigenous populations culture and worldview is unli ke that of any other. For example, whilst health issues may be similar to those of Indigenous populations elsewhere, worldviews which impact upon health and wellbeing will vary and may not be able to be applied from one culture to another (Tsey et al.2003, p. 36).One event that highlights the differing views on how issues should be addressed, was the closing squander of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) by the John Howard Government in 2004 (Australian Indigenous Health InfoNet2010). What was significant intimately this was that Indigenous health policy had been the state of ATSIC. This action effectively removed the responsibility of Indigenous health from the Indigenous people and placed the responsibility with mainstream departments that were also answerable for non-indigenous health.By doing this, the government hadwound back many years of work to address the health inequalities of Indigenous Australians, perceiving Indigenous Australians as a culture that could not look after themselves and needed instead the knowledge and expertise of the gilt-edged colonialists (Kay Perrin 2007, p. 19). By removing the responsibility of Indigenous health from ATSIC and placing it in the hands of a body that was also responsible for non-indigenous health, the government failed to understand the intricacies of Indigenous Australian culture and the implications that this kind of action can have on Indigenous health.Whilst the overall health of Australians is amongst the top third of Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries (Australian Institute of Health and well-being 2010, p. 8). There is a clear disparity between Indigenous and non-indigenous health, when one considers that even in this day and age of modern medicine, Indigenous Australians be expected to live twelve years less than their non-indigenous counterparts for males, and ten years less for females (Australian Institute of Health and social welfargon 2010, p. 29).So what are considered to be the reasons for this inequality? What has already been highlighted, is that Indigenous health has suffered from the introduction to changes in diet, introduction of diseases both airborne and venereal, and the impact upon mental health due to dispossession of land and loss of kinship. Mental health issues can also be connected to the economic and social disadvantage of many Indigenous individuals, which can lead to substance ill-usage and other issues (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010, p. 33).The failure to adequately address mental health issues has resulted in deaths by suicide being the second biggest reason for deaths by injury (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2010, p. 30). These figures demonstrate that policies have clearly not been working. A salient point to note is that Indigenous Australians are the least likely group of the whole population, to access important health services. So what are the reasons prat this lack of access to services? It can be as simple as the kind of service that an individual receives. From personal experience of serving Indigenous customers, tone of voice can be misinterpreted.What may be considered polite in most circumstances, can be misconstrued as being conceited by others. Use of language can also be a barrier. For example, (again from personal experience), language has to be altered to manoeuvre these barriers, such as replacing the term bank account with the word kitty. other barriers may include the fact that in remote communities, health professionals may also be the townsfolk judge, which may deter Indigenous people from accessing the services from a person who might have also been responsible for sentencing an individual or a member of their family (Paul 1998, p.67).Barriers such as the remote locations of individuals in comparison to the services, and the cost of services also have to be shinen into account. For example, if a service is some keep away from an individual, the cost of travelling may be too high. The cost of services close by may also be too expensive for individuals, or individuals may receive poor interference due to either being turned away from services, or mistreatment due to racialist beliefs. This may result in individuals travelling long distances due to this very mistreatment in their own communities (Paul 1998, pp.67-68).The mis imageion that all Indigenous Australians are one group of people can also result in culturally inadequate services, deterring individuals from accessing important health services (Paul 1998, p. 68). This lack of understanding about Indigenous cultures when providing health services has resulted in a rise in the provision of health services that are either fiddle by Indigenous individuals, or have been created in consultation with Indigenous individuals, to ensure that the services being provided are culturally adequate.An example that highlights this can be seen i n the creation of a program in 1998in the Northern filth that was attempting to address the health inequalities of Indigenous children (Campbell et al 2005, p. 153). There were many problems with this course of instruction because the people that were overseeing the programme did not have cultural knowledge that was a factor in the health and wellbeing of the children. What resulted was a program which was implemented in an Indigenous remote community, which utilised the knowledge of Indigenous people from the community itself.This allowed for the programme to be altered when issues were addressed and individuals within the community were able to provide solutions to issues, rather than being told what was going to happen by an outside authority (Campbell etal. 2005, p. 155). Whilst this programme realised that a bottom-up approach was much beneficial than a top-down one which usually occurs in policy writ of execution, there were issues because the programme also involved peopl e from the outside that were there to managethe programme, who were unwilling to give total control to the community, generating feelings of disempowerment, saddle sore and marginalisation (Campbell et al. 2005, p. 156). Whilst there are many examples of programs that have been implemented to address the health inequalities of Indigenous Australians, one that deserves mentioning because of success that it has had are the mens groups in Yaba Bimbie and MaDdaimba Balas (McCalman et al. 2010, p. 160).What was found was that these programs were successful because they were run by Indigenous men who had direct knowledge of the cultural issues and needs of the community as they also lived there. They were also successful because the men felt included in their communities by having control, rather than being controlled by an outside source. Due to these mens groups, individuals were able to come together and share their concerns about their community, and as the others also were from the same community, they were able to contribute to solutions to the problems by feeling able to speak freely about their concerns.One such concern was anger management issues, which were exacerbated by the social issues that the individuals faced (McCalman et al. 2010, p. 163). Whilst, issues like this may seem to be separate, they in fact contribute to other areas, as has been mentioned earlier in regards to mental health and suicide, which flow on to other members of the community, when there may be no one in the family who is able to earn an income, which contributes to poverty. This may in turn, render an individual unable to access services as previously mentioned.As one can see, when individuals who are directly impacted by issues, are included in finding solutions to address these issues, there is more success than when they are not included. It is the understanding of this that has seen the implementation of the Close The Gap policy (Australian Human Rights Commission 2011). Th is policy is based on the understanding that the concept of health is different in the eyes of Indigenous Australians than that of non-Indigenous Australians (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare2009).This policy has sought to overturn the gap of inequality between Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians by reducing the gap in life foretaste by 2031, halving mortality rates of children by2018, ensuring equal access to early childhood education by 2013, halving the gap in the area of inability to read and write by 2018, halving the gap of individuals who attain their Year 12 education by 2020 and halving the gap of unemployment rates by 2018 (Gillard2011, p. 2).Various programmes have been implemented to address these issues, with a common theme of inclusion. That is, the programs all involve Indigenous Australians who have a better cultural understanding than non-indigenous Australians. This has allowed for individuals to work with their own communities, various levels of government, non-government organisations and businesses (Gillard 2011, p. 6).By doing so, it has provided individuals with a sense of control and purpose over their own lives, which has seen a falling off in the mortality rates of Indigenous Australians (Gillard2011, p. 12), as well as a reduction in the rates of reading and writing problems (Gillard 2011, p. 14). There has also been a significant adjoin in the numbers of Indigenous Australians aiming towards their Year 12 qualifications (Gillard 2011, p. 16), as well as a decrease in the number of unemployed in the Indigenous population (Gillard 2011, p. 17).Whilst these figures are promising, one has to look at some of the programs that have been implemented as a result of this policy, to see if lessons have been learned from prehistorical mistakes, or if similar mistakes are being made. One such program that is deemed to be addressing issues of inequality is the Welfare Payment Reform act, which allowed the government to withh old portions of welfare payments (Gruenstein 2008, p. 468). This was to ensure that portions of the payment were going to required life expenses before going to things such as alcohol.Whilst this may seem as though it is an important standard in addressing issues within communities, what is important to note is that policies such as these are in direct irreverence of the Racial Discrimination Convention because they directly target Indigenous individuals solely because they are Indigenous and are not necessarily in need of intervention (Gruenstein, 2008, p. 469). Whilst the Closing the Gap policy has good intentions, it can result in actions that treat Indigenous Australians as a homogenous group, rather than recognising the variation of issues.In conclusion, this essay has exhibit that Australia has come a long way in addressing the issues of inequality amongst Indigenous Australians. It has been demonstrated that Indigenous Australians were in good health prior to colonisation , and only since colonisation has the health of Indigenous Australians has declined. This essay has also shown that the different governments have varied between allowing Indigenous Australians self-determination, or be included in the process of policy making, to the government seizing control of the issues, excluding the Indigenous community from decision making.Whilst it has been shown that the government has been addressing issues for well over 40 years, it has only been in recent times that issues of inequality have begun to be adequately addressed. By understanding that it is Indigenous Australians who are better able to understand their issues, which stem from the actions of non-indigenous peoples and allowing Indigenous Australians to take control of their own lives, will we start to close the gap of health inequality between Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians.

How does Steinbeck use characters in the novel Essay Example for Free

How does Steinbeck manipulation characters in the novel EssayOf Mice and Men is a novel ab emerge two migratory workers, George and Lennie and their travels to a ranch and their term spent there. The novel is set in Soledad during the 1930s Depression. Steinbeck presents the theme l peerlessliness with the use of the characters.The men at the ranch are lonely because they spend the majority of their time travelling from one ranch to another therefore they dont acquit time to settle and build friendships. At the time the novel was set the US was suffering from the Great Depression, this was caused by the Stock Market crash in 1929 and this crippled that nations economy. These economic problems aggravated a host of social problems, including, unemployment, poverty Breakd make of families and homelessness, resulting in an ontogenesis in loneliness.George one of the novels main protagonist travels around with Lennie as his companion, George is still lonely because Lennie is m entally handicap therefore George lavatorynot have conversation and devotes the majority of his energy in looking after Lennie and keeping him out of trouble, But he gets into trouble alla time because hes so God damn dumb.. This clearly shows Georges frustration towards Lennie for continually getting into trouble. George fell silent. He wanted to talk. Slim neither encouraged or discouraged him. This displays Georges discouragement to talk to someone as he as gone so long without a recipe conversation. dulcify is an old flooder with one hand he has an old blind dog which is his last self-denial and only companion. This shows that Candy was dependent on the dog for company and the dog was dependent on Candy to survive as the dog was otiose to do anything for itself. Candy was already lonely and on his own and he knew that as soon as he became unable to clean the ranch he would be sacked because he would have become useless. Jus as soon as I savings bank swamp out no bunk hou ses theyll put me on the county. This explains what he feels will happen to him when he can no longer clean and he believes that he will be sacked and kicked out. He feels this look before his dog is shooted, once his dog has been shot his whole world crashed down in expect of him, and he wants to be shot just like his dog. When they can me here I wisht somebodyd shoot me. He believes that he no longer has a purpose in life.I think Steinbeck included the shot of candys dog in the novel because it shows how candys life deteriorates after the painful loss of his only companion.The shooting symbolises how muckle during that time became dependent on possessions such as dogs for companionship, and how when these things are taken away peoples lives are destroyed, because they have become reliant on their dogs for such a long time, due to the depression they have been unable to build friendships because of the endless travelling from job to job. And this is reflected in the novel beca use George and Lennie have been moving from job to job.Crooks is a black stable-buck, he is extremely lonely because he is segregated from the other workers and has no choice yet to live alone in the stable.Cause Im black. They play cards in there, but I cant play because Im black. This shows his loneliness, because he is not allowed to interact with the white workers because he is black.Steinbeck has presented Crooks as a character with a crooked back. His body was bent down to the left. This makes him appear as if he is bowing to every one else in the play, this shows his lower status which could suggest a lower class, which increases his loneliness.At the time the novel was scripted black people were segregated from white members of society and could be arrested for insignificant things, also the KKK (Klu Klux Klan) were known to kill black people frequently, for no reasons at all.I believe that Steinbeck has used characters effectively to explore how migrant workers in this tim e were lonely and desperate for companionship. He incorporates cultural factors in the novel through the diverse characters to explore loneliness from different perspectives.

Tobacco and alcohol Negative Impacts Essay Example for Free

Tobacco and alcohol Negative Impacts screenToday, controversial questions argon now rising like Are law makers being duped into thinking that legitimate drugs are the more dangerous, not because of their intrinsic qualities, but simply because they are more widely utilise? and Should not we be worried about what forget happen when current black-market drugs are legalized and a lot more widely used? Lawmakers claim that the legal drugs, alcohol and tobacco, are more dangerous than has been admit and, in fact more dangerous than the wrong drugs like heroin, marijuana, and cocaine. (Van, 1984) Ideologically speaking it is discriminatory and unjust if alcohol and tobacco are freely sold and that illegal drugs are not. Empirically, alcohol and tobacco are medically more harmful than cocaine, heroin, and other illegal drugs. Around four hundred thirty universal gravitational constant Americans die per year because of tobacco and more than one hundred thousand die because of a lcohol. While illegal drugs only adds up to a mere three thousand five hundred a year. It is affect that tobacco and alcohol kill hundreds and thousands of users and nonusers as well, counting victims of homicide, accidents and passive smoke.(Nadelemann, 1989). This only proves that tobacco and alcohol is most one hundred fifty times more dangerous than illegal drugs.Criminalization makes illegal drugs harmful. (Van, 1985) Legalizing them will make them less harmful. Why? Their production and dosage will be regulated and will be standardized. These will sure have a dramatic reduction in mortality rate for illegal drugs. In terms of chronic medical effect, these drugs do not cause any medical pathology as compared with alcohol and tobacco cigarettes do. Any drugs cannot match the ravaging impact of alcohol in the liver and tobaccos carcinogenic impact on the lungs.ReferenceGrinspoon, Lester, and James B. Bakalar. 1993. Marihuana The Forbidden Medicine. New Haven, Conn. Yale Univer sity Press.Nadelmann, Ethan A. 1990. Should many Illegal Drugs Be Legalized? Legalization Isthe Answer. Issues in Science and Technology, 6 (Summer) 43-46.Van Natta, Pearl, Henry Malin, Darryl Bertolucci, and Charles Kaelber. 1984-85. The Hidden find of Alcohol on Mortality. Alcohol Health and Research World, 9 (Winter) 56-59.Weaver, Mary Anne. 1995. Children of Jihad. The New Yorker, June 12, pp.40-47.

The ends of the 3 short stories Essay Example for Free

The ends of the 3 diddle stories EssayWho or what do you think is to blame for the sad events at the ends of the 3 short stories? In your answer you should comp are the effects of the following contri thoing factors Values and attitudes of 1800s The characters and personalities of the effeminate persons The attitudes of the community towards the female characters The role and influence of men The tragic events at the end of the three short stories The Withered Arm by Thomas Hardy, The melancholy Hussar also by Thomas Hardy, and The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, are not the consequence of any wiz cause in particular. There are numerous different causes that could exempt the tragic events, and these will now be investigated. A womans activities and learning completely depended on how well a stylus they were whether they were a rich bird or a pitiful woman. In Hardys The Withered Arm and in another of his books The Melancholy Hussar, we see vitrines of bo th Gertrude Lodge and Phyllis are the well off ladies, and Rhoda Brook is the poor milkmaid. They didnt choose what they wanted to be, they were just born that way.There are net differences between a dame and a woman a poor woman was not educated (which was very bad in the 1800s), but the rich dame was educated (but only on the skills that she would need to help her get a conserve) the poor woman married a works man for a better m unrivaledy income and chose who she married, but a rich lady would usually marry someone that her father chose. By these two facts, it is clear to see that women were simply thought of as possessions of men, no function more.This is illustrated in Hardys The Melancholy Hussar she considered herself likely to become a possession of another. Wealthy men had to go through a ladys father even to make her intimacy made her fathers acquaintance in order to make hers. Rich women hired poorer women to work for them as housecleaners and maids. This is an exampl e of how class was considered to be important in Victorian society. In The Withered Arm, the tragic event which was Rhodas sons carrying push through is a consequence of societys division of classes.Rhodas son was poor, like Rhoda herself, thusly putting him in the lower class. This is reflected in the clothes that he wore. Gertrude brings a new pair of boots round for him because his old ones would not keep my feet change if it came on wet, because they were so cracked. The state of his clothes signifies his class. Presumably, the people who had caught Rhodas son were fairly wealthy. Therefore, it is possible that they may take over jumped to the conclusion that since he was a poor, lower class boy, he must hasten been doing something wrong.The second tragic event at the end of The Withered Arm is Gertrudes death. There is somewhat of a mystery of how she died. It could have been the impact of her being thrown against the wall, or it could have been the medical cure she was endeavoring that could have killed her. Her choice to attempt this cure was influenced by society and by her own personality and character. She is a very pretty lady rosy-cheeked, tisty-tosty body and this is what attracted F encircleer Lodge to her.But when she got the skin discolouration, her own personality makes her take measures against it. She is very drill hole to please F build uper Lodge hoping against hope to win back his heart again by recover some at least of her personal beauty and when their dealinghip gets worse and worse because of Farmer Lodges obsession, she tries to cure her beauty by any means necessary. This is also brought about by societys reaction. Since Gertrude is in the higher classes, she is held in better respect than, say, Rhoda. Therefore, society expects a pretty, intelligent lady.When she gets the skin discolouration, society doesnt have the pretty lady anymore. Gertrude becomes more desperate and ultimately, on Conjuror Trendles advice, she go es to try one last cure placing her discoloured and disfigured arm on the neck of a hangman just when he has been cut down. Rhoda appears when Gertrude is conducting the cure and accordingly throws her against the wall. In a way, it is Rhodas fault also that Gertrude died. Rhoda had plenty of reasons to be angry with Gertrude. Gertrude came along and married Farmer Lodge, taking Rhodas repoint as it were.She caused Rhoda to have the vision in which Rhoda grab enjoy her and threw her to the ground and, to top it all off, Rhoda now finds her with her disfigured arm on her dead son. It pushed her over the limit and caused her to react with violence. The tragic event at the end of The Melancholy Hussar, is the shooting of Matthi us Tina and his friend Christoph Bless. The actions of Phyllis and her personality justify why they were shot, but society can explain Phyllis personality. Phyllis Grove is extremely isolated and secluded animateness with her father in a fractional farm, ha lf manor-house.The mention of a manor house suggests that she is wealthy and a member of the higher classes of society. Society enforces the trace that all high-class ladies should have a husband. She was being owned by her father, as it was with all daughters and fathers. She had not yet got married because she does not want to become a possession of another. However, she ends up falling for and acquiring engaged to marry Humphrey Gould, which was not socially common considering that he was of lower class than her. He had to generate town for a while to tend to his sick father because there were no other relations nearer.He promised he would return to Phyllis in a few weeks. However, these few weeks pass, followed by the next gruntle but he didnt return. Phyllis was not very inquisitive when the German Hussars camped near to the town, because she became very shy living in seclusion in the manor house became so shy if she met a stranger she mat up ashamed at his gaze, walked awk wardly, and blushed to her shoulders. She came to know a German Hussar called Matthi us Tina because he frequently walked past a wall on which Phyllis usually sat. Since Humphrey Gould was not back yet, her character allowed her to get to know Matthius. The community started to murmur about rumours that Humphrey Gould may be having an affair he was not sure, indeed, that he might not barf his eyes elsewhere. Phyllis believes the hearsay and she and Matthi us along with Christoph and two other men try to take a boat from the harbour, in order to row to France then travel to Germany. Matthi us and Phyllis were going to live unitedly and leave Humphrey behind. Though, at the last minute, Humphrey Gould returns. She hears him talking and she discovers that he has been living in truth the whole time.She reproaches herself for accept the hearsay. The failed escape attempt got Matthi us and Christoph captured. They were tried for court-marshal and then shot as deserters. If Phyllis had stayed and gone with Matthi us then he may not have been caught. The pressure on her from society to do the right thing cost Matthi us, Christoph and the two companions their lives. The tragic event at the end of The Yellow Wallpaper is the main female becoming insane and completely losing her mind. Society is primarily to blame for this, but also so is her husband John.The main character is apparently ill, according to her husband John who is a physician. She takes tablets and steroids but nothing is working very well. They rent out an old house to live in for 3 months whilst the old one is refurbished. The main character is forced to live in a room for these 3 months with horrible yellow-bellied wallpaper. She is a member of the high class in society. This is attainable due to the amount of technical terms, for example, that she development whilst describing the wallpaper debased Romanesque delirium tremens isolated columns of fatuity.She never leaves the room for most of the t hree months and is forbidden to do practically everything by John. This is basically what is called the Rest Cure which was developed by Silas Weir Mitchell, an American physician who became famous for his work on nervous disorders. Patients of the Rest Cure were usually condemned to bed for six weeks to two months. They are not allowed to sit up, sew, read, or write. They are only allowed to clean their teeth, and sometimes they were not allowed to turn over by themselves. Silas did this because he found no motion desirable.In these cases, the patient is lifted out of bed in the evening onto a couch and given a sponge bath. The main character in The Yellow Wallpaper was allowed to get out of bed and walk around a bit, but was told not to read or write by John her husband. Still, she wrote down what is read in the story and keeps it hole-and-corner(a) from him. In all cases of weakness, a nurse fed the patient. In many cases, Silas allowed the patient to get out of bed to go and u se the toilet. After about a fortnight, Silas would allow the patient to read one to three hours a day, and frequently nervous and anaemic women jumped (not literally) at the chance. He says in a written account of himself The moral uses of enforced rest are readily estimated. From a restless concerner of irregular hours, and probably endless drugging, from hurtful sympathy and over-zealous care, the patient passes to an atmosphere of quiet, to order and control, to the system and care of a thorough nurse, to an absence of drugs, and to simple diet. The result is always at first, whatever it may be afterwards, a sense of relief, and a remarkable and often a quite abrupt disappearance of many of the nervous symptoms with which we are all of us only too sadly familiar.The Rest Cure and the way that John her husband has acted to her illness are examples of how men have authority over women. The main female becomes more and more interested with the yellow wallpaper, slowly discovering new things about it. Her mental condition continues to refuse and she starts to think that she can see people behind the wallpaper, a woman, trying to get out. This woman could be a representation of the main character in society. Trapped, and unable to break free of all the laws and regulations.Eventually, she becomes well-nigh completely insane due to her being trapped in he room for three months, having to ceaselessly look at the yellow wallpaper. She starts tearing bits off, trying to free the women behind, but also to get free of it because it was driving her insane. At the end of the story, the main character loses her mind and speaks as though she was the women she had seen behind the wallpaper, and she had finally got out and couldnt be put back Ive got out at last Ive pulled off most of the paper, so you cant put me back

Kuala Lumpur Essay Example for Free

Kuala Lumpur EssaySince I was in the primary school I continuously be the shy one. Not knowing what I realy want, and I always live behind the shadow of my sorry sister. She is the star of the school and I was always Amiras lile brother. When she le$ for the secondary school, all the teachers dark to me, expecng me to be the replacement of her but I always thought that I could neer (ll those expectaon and I always failed them. A$er all, I was red of living under her shadow.Everyone expecng me to be as good as her in everything. To put it bluntly, I am a lost cause, unl on my 2nd year of high gear school when I learn that beauful form of art called Dance. For some people, they always said dancing got no future in it. But, for me it is my life, In 2009, my friends and I has form a leaping conspiracy called Huru Hara Crew. At (rst, its real hard for us because we never get any support from our family, teachers, and our schoolmate. The hardest part of it is when we fall in any compeon, we always lost because of we lack of experience.A$er two years dancing without we had never won any compeon for almost 2years, any silverware, we decided to audion for Showdown 2011. We never passed the audion and almost think to exceed up our dream. But, the judges word (re us up to be a beer dancer. A month a$er that, weve audion for Digi Live Sekolahku Berbakat. For the (rst me, we had pass the audion and got the best four group in Perak region. A$er that, we had been called to be a backup dancer for Zenny Salehuddin for her song Kau Kau. The best part of our success is when we won Disneys My work Rock dance compeon for two consecuve year.We also won many compeon a$er Digi Live. It changed the percepon of everyone once bashed us. From that day, dance is not just a hobby for us, its our LIFE. A$er we taking our SPM examinaon, we had been awarded to be a part of Digi Tour around Malaysia. But, all the lovely part of it had turned to an end when most of us had go to f urther study. When I was oered by KPTM Kl, I had to be pated with my crewmate. I have never felt so lost. We are oered by dierent colleges in dierent state, its really hard me for us to give our commitment for our crew.So I decided to create a sweet dance crew in my colleges and recruited some of the students. With all experience I had, the crew has been a success. We had won several compeon much(prenominal) as Mos ashmob compeon, Karnival Kecergasan Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur and we also represenng Kuala Lumpur for compeng in the Naonal Level of Karnival Kecergasan. Hopefully I can get a new experience since I have transfer to KPTM Ipoh to take care of my mother.

Diabetes mellitus, Essay Example for Free

Diabetes mellitus, riseSince diabetes is such a complex disease with many different forms, we decided to focus on diabetes character reference I. This is known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). This type of diabetes includes people who atomic number 18 dependant on barge inions of insulin on a occasional basis in order to satisfy the bodies insulin needs, they can non survive without these injections.OVERVIEW OF DIABETES TYPE IWhat is diabetes type I?In order to understand the disease we firstly need to know about insulin. Insulin is a endocrine. The role of insulin is to transpose the food we eat into various useful substances, discarding eitherthing that is wasteful.It is the job of insulin to see that the useful substances are put to outgo use for our rise-being. The useful substances are used for building cells, are made ready for immediate using up as energy and also stored for later energy expenditure.The cause of diabetes is an absolute or lack of the hormvirtuoso insulin. As a subject of this lack of insulin the processes that involve converting the foods we eat into various useful substances does not occur.Insulin comes from the important cells which are located in the pancreas. In the case of diabetes type I al about all of the beta cells have been destroyed. Therefore daily injections of insulin become essential to life.Health implications of diabetes type IOne of the products that is of zippy importance in our bodies is glucose, a simple carbohydrate sugar which is needed by virtually every part of our body as fuel to function.Insulin controls the amount of glucose distributed to vital organs and also the muscles. In diabetics ascribable to the lack of insulin and therefore the control of glucose given to different body parts they face death if they dont inject themselves with insulin daily.Since strict monitoring of diabetes is needed for the control of the disease, little room is left for carelessness. As a result diabetic patients are susceptible to many other diseases and serious conditions if a proper course of intercession is not followed.Other diseases a diabetic is open to Cardiovascular disease, stroke, Peripheral artery disease, gangrene, kidney disease, blindness, hypertension, nerve damage, impotency etc. Basically there is an increasedincident of infection in diabetic sufferers. Therefore limited care needs to be taken to decrease the chances of getting these other serious diseases.PHYSICAL employmentWhat is physical activity?(Bouchard 1988) States that physical activity is any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles resulting in energy expenditure. Therefore this includes sports and leisure activities of all forms.Why do we need physical activity in our lives?Physical activity and effect helps tune the human machine, our bodies.Imagine a car constantly dictated only to stop for fuel. It would be a client for all sorts of damage, rusting, oil leaking, dehydration and th e chances are most managely it would die in the middle of the road not long after. This is what the body would be like if we didnt exercise at all. We would be and as a result of todays lifestyle many of us are, the ideal target to all kinds of diseases and infections.For those of us who are carrier of some disease or illness we are inactive encouraged to exercise by our physicians if we have the strength to. This is to help make our organs, muscles, bones and arteries much efficient and better equipped to fight against the disease or illness. This is our way of counter attacking. And if we are still healthy hence we reduce the chances of getting an illness or a disease.PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DIABETES (EPIDEMIOLOGY) latterly insulin injections have become available to dependant patients. However in the pre-insulin era physical exercise was one of the few therapies available to physicians in combating diabetes.For an IDDM carrier to benefit from exercise they need to be well awar e oftheir body and the consequences of exercising.If an IDDM carrier has no real control over their situation and notwithstanding exercise without considering their diet, time of insulin intake, type of exercise, duration of the exercise and the intensity, then the results can be very tempestuous to the patient.In the first journal article that I used for this part of the explore (Sutton 1981) had conducted an investigation on drugs used in metabolic disorders. The article is designed to provide some background information on previous beliefs and research conducted early this century. As well as his own investigations conducted during the beginning of the 1980s. He has compared the results and came to the like conclusion as the investigations done early in this century.Suttons point outings show that decrease in blood glucose pastime an insulin injection was magnified when the insulin was followed by physical activity/exercise (see figure 1). This shows that if a someone gets relate in physical activity or exercise after insulin the volume of glucose drops dramatically.This leads to symptoms of hypoglycemia. The reason this occurs is that glucose uptake by muscles increase during exercise, in spite of no change or even a diminishing plasm insulin concentration. As a result of this type of information we know now that if a patient is not controlled through a good diet and program then they could put themselves in danger. A person who might be poorly maintained and ketotic will become even more(prenominal) ketotic and hypoglycimic.Good victuals is of great importance to any individual especially one that exercises. In the case of diabetes even more consideration must go into the selection of food out front and after exercise. Doctors suggest large intakes of carbohydrates before exercise for diabetes carriers to meet the glucose needs of the muscles.The second article that I used was that of Konen, et al. He and his colleagues conducted testing and r esearch on changes in diabetic urinaryand transferrin voiding after moderate exercise. This article was a report of the way the research was conducted and its findings.The researched found that urinary proteins, particularly albumin, increase in urinary excretion after moderate exercise. Albumin which is associated with micro- and macrovascular diseases in diabetic patience was found to increase significantly in IDDM patients, while remaining normal in non-diabetics. (See table 1 and 2 for results)These results cannot be determinate to say that this shows that exercise causes other micro- and macrovascular diseases in diabetics. Since albumin is not associated with any disease in non-diabetics then the same may be the case for diabetics as well. However further research is required to find out why such a significant increase occurs in diabetic patients and what it really means.It apparent that there are many very complicated issues associated with diabetes which cannot be explain ed at this stage. Therefore much more research is required and its only a matter of time for these complications to resolved.Although there are no substantial evidence to suggest that exercise will improve or worsen diabetes still it is recommended by physicians.Aristotle and the Indian physician, Sushruta, suggested the use of exercise in the treatment of diabetic patients as early as 600 B.C. And during late demise century and early this century many physician claimed that the need for insulin decreased in exercising patients.The benefits of exercise in non-diabetic individuals is well known. For example reduce the risk of heart disease. This makes exercise very important to diabetic carriers since they are at a greater risk of getting heart disease than non-diabetics.Unquestionably, its important for diabetics to optimize cardiovascular andpulmonary parameters as it is for non-diabetic individual. Improved fitness can improve ones sense of well-being and expertness to cope wit h physical and psychological stresses that can be aggravated in diabetes.

Alligators and Crocodiles Essay Example for Free

Alligators and Crocodiles EssayNot many passel mountain differentiate between a crocodile and an alligator. Alligators and crocodiles argon similar but different in so many ways. In this paper I go out discuss the alligator and crocodile similarities and exits. If you see an alligator or a crocodile could you notify the difference? The ways you can tell the difference in an alligator and a crocodile is the snout, sensory pits, common salt glands on tongue, berates and teeth. Also in this paper I will paint you a picture of how the reptiles carry and tell you the difference in the reptiles size and habitat. Alligators are semi-aquatic carnivorous reptiles with four legs and a huge tail. Col, 2010).The reptile tail is half its length and it helps propel the alligator with the water. It is withal use of goods and servicesd as a weapon and stores fat for the alligator which he will use for nourishment for the winter. They are coldblooded (ectothermic) animals which do n ot make their own body heat but straighten out their heat by basking in the sun. (Col, 2010). The Chinese alligator can grow between 6 feet pertinacious and American alligators are 13 feet long but can grow up to 19 feet. Crocodiles keep up large, broad bodies with short legs and long, muscular tail. The crocodile has thick, leathery skin with bony, plate-shaped scales. (Hayden).They are cold blooded animals that color is both gray-green or brown. The crocodile have ears which are slits on the side of the head that most of us do not see and allows them to have superb hearing. The crocodile head is long and pointed with the eyes and nostrils located on the top of the head. Crocodile can range from 7-15 feet long but never stop growing and can live up to 75 years. Alligators upper jaw is spaciousr than the lower jaw and its lower teeth are mostly hidden when mouth is closed and fit into sockets in the upper jaw but makes the fourth tooth on to each one sides of its lower jaw fi t into a socket in the upper jaw. Turner).Alligators have a wide U-shaped short snout. Alligators have non-functional salt glands and sensory pits that are only near the jaws. (Col, 2010) Crocodiles upper jaws is about the aforementioned(prenominal) size as the lower jaw which makes its lower teeth show outside the upper jaw when mouth is closed. (Turner) The crocodile upper teeth show outside the lower jaw but snouts are narrow, v-shaped and long. Crocodile salt glands on the tongue excrete excess salt and the sensory pits are over most of the body.Alligators are only native to the United States and China but like to eat fish, turtles, various mammals, birds and other reptiles. The alligator lives only in fresh waters like ponds, marshes, wetlands, rivers, lakes, and swamps. (Lutz, 2012). When on land the alligator is slow to exit but can move fairly quickly in short distances. The alligators are usually sole(a) animals but smaller ones can be found in large numbers close to eac h other. (Lutz, 2012) Crocodiles live along the coast of Florida. , Central America, and parts of South America.The crocodile may live in unpalatable or salt-water that is warm and quiet such as mangrove swamps that are mostly found against the shorelines. (Turner). Crocodile overly may live where the river meets the sea known as estuaries. The crocodile eat fish and other animals that they find in or near the water, including turtles, snakes, small mammals, and birds. The reptile does most of its hunting at night which makes him nocturnal. Crocodiles are also shy, reclusive, and rarely seen by people but are still very aggressive. (Hayden) Since alligators and crocodile are both reptiles they are often easily mistaken.I hope by reading this you can now tell the difference between an alligator and a crocodile. Alligators and crocodile physical appearance are very alike but if you look at the reptiles you could easily point out what is different. The things that are different about them are the snout, salt glands on tongue, sensory pits, jaws, and teeth. Remember crocodiles are very aggressive so do not approach them because they will attack. Now that you have a better visual of a crocodile and alligator, if you were to come into contact with one of the reptiles could you tell the difference between the two.

Pre-Socratic Philosophers Essay Example for Free

Pre-Socratic Philosophers EssayPre-Socratic is the expression customaryly practised to describe those classic thinkers who lived and wrote amid 600 and 400 B.C. It was the Pre-Socratics who attempted to find universal principles which would pardon the im valetent humans from its origins to mans ramble in it. Although Socrates died in 399 B.C., the term Pre-Socratic indicates non so much a chronological lay, scarce rather an outlook or range of interests, an outlook attacked by both Protagoras (a Sophist) and Socrates, because cancel philosophy was worthless when comp ard with the reckon for the good intent. To lapse the Pre-Socratic thinkers their full collectable would require an article of encyclopedic scope. Given that, I scram decided to enumerate a number of sites on individual Pre-Socratic thinkers.Anaximander1.Life and SourcesThe history of written Greek philosophy st humanities with Anaximander of Miletus in Asia Minor, a fellow-citizen of Thales. He was the prototypical who d ared to write a treatise in prose, which has been c each(prenominal)ed tradition tout ensembley On Nature. This phonograph record has been lost, although it uniformly was purchasable in the library of the Lyceum at the periods of Aristotle and his successor Theophrastus. It is tell that Apollodorus, in the arcminute century BCE, stumbled upon a copy of it, perhaps in the famous library of Alexandria. Recently, evidence has appeared that it was crack of the arrange custodyt of the library of Taormina in Sicily, where a fragment of a catalogue has been found, on which Anaximanders name fuel be read. Only matchless(a) fragment of the book has practise experience to us, quoted by Simplicius (after Theophrastus), in the ordinal century AD.It is perhaps the some famous and most discussed phrase in the history of philosophy.We besides cope very little of Anaximanders flavour. He is said to submit led a mission that founded a colony c every las t(predicate)ed Apollonia on the coast of the Black Sea. He also probably introduced the gnomon (a perpendicular cheerfulness-dial) into Greece and erected sensation in Sparta. So he conditionms to bring been a much-traveled man, which is non astonishing, as the Milesians were known to be audacious sailors. It is also reported that he displayed solemn manners and wore pompous garments.Most of the information on Anaximander comes from Aristotle and his bookman Theophrastus, whose book on the history of philosophy was used, excerpted, and quoted by galore(postnominal) other authors, the so-c exclusively tolded doxographers, before it was lost. sometimes, in these texts manner of speaking or expressions appear that quarter with rough certainty be arrogatedto Anaximander himself. Relatively umteen testimonies, approximately superstar third of them, have to do with galactic and cosmogenic questions. Hermann Diels and Walter Kranz have edited the doxography (A) and the exist ing texts (B) of the Presocratic philosophers in Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Berlin 1951-19526. (A quotation like DK 12A17 elbow room Diels/Kranz, Anaximander, doxographical report no.17).2. The Boundless as Principle fit in to Aristotle and Theophrastus, the firstborn Greek philosophers were looking for the origin or principle (the Greek word arch has both subject matters) of all things. Anaximander is said to have determine it with the Boundless or the eternal (Greek apeiron, that is, that which has no boundaries). Already in past times, it is complained that Anaximander did not explain what he meant by the Boundless. More recently, authors have disputed whether the Boundless should be understand as spatially or temporarily without limits, or perhaps as that which has no qualifications, or as that which is inexhaustible. Some scholars have stock-still defended the meaning that which is not experienced, by relating the Greek word apeiron not to peras (boundary, limit), solely to perao (to experience, to apperceive).The suggestion, however, is almost irresistible that Greek philosophy, by making the Boundless into the principle of all things, has started on a high level of abstraction. On the other hand, some have pointed out that this use of apeiron is atypical for Greek belief, which was occupied with limit, symmetry and harmony. The Pythagoreans placed the boundless (the apeiron) on the list of negative things, and for Aristotle, too, perfection became aligned with limit (Greek peras), and thus apeiron with imperfection. in that respectfore, some authors suspect eastern (Iranian) influence on Anaximanders ideas. Anaximenes (d. 528 BCE)According to the surviving sources on his life, Anaximenes flourished in the mid 6th century BCE and died around 528. He is the third philosopher of the Milesian educate day of philosophy, so named because like Thales and Anaximander, Anaximenes was an inhabitant of Miletus, in Ionia (ancient Greece). Theophra stus notes that Anaximenes was an associate, and possibly a student, of Anaximanders.Anaximenes is best known for his ism that gloriole is the source of all things. In this guidance, he differed with his predecessors like Thales, who held that water is the source of all things, and Anaximander, who mentation that all things came from an unspecified boundless stuff.2. Doctrine of ChangeGiven his doctrine that all things are composed of air, Anaximenes suggested an provoke qualitative account of natural changeAir differs in essence in accordance with its rarity or density. When it is thinned it becomes fire, while when it is condensed it becomes wind, then cloud, when still more than condensed it becomes water, then earth, then st aces. Everything else comes from these. (DK13A5) Influence on ulterior PhilosophyAnaximenes hypothesis of successive change of matter by rarefaction and condensation was influential in subsequent theories. It is true by Heraclitus (DK22B31), and cr iticized by Parmenides (DK28B8.23-24, 47-48). Anaximenes general speculation of how the heartys of the human beings arise is adopted by Anaxagoras(DK59B16), even though the latter has a very different theory of matter. Both Melissus (DK30B8.3) and Plato (Timaeus 49b-c) see Anaximenes theory as providing a popular-sense explanation of change. Diogenes of Apollonia makes air the basis of his explicitly monistic theory. The Hippocratic treatise On Breaths uses air as the central concept in a theory of diseases. By providing cosmological accounts with a theory of change, Anaximenes disjointed them from the realm of mere speculation and made them, at least in conception, scientific theories capable of testing.Thales of Miletus (c. 620 BCE c. 546 BCE)The ancient Greek philosopher Thales was born in Miletus in Greek Ionia. Aristotle, the major source for Thaless philosophy and science, identified Thales as the first person to investigate the basic principles, the question of the or iginating substances of matter and, in that locationfore, as the crumple of the school of natural philosophy. Thales was interested in almost everything, investigating almost all areas of knowledge, philosophy, history, science, mathematics, engineering, geography, and politics. Heproposed theories to explain m each another(prenominal) of the events of nature, the primary substance, the support of the earth, and the cause of change. Thales was much involved in the problems of astronomy and provided a number of explanations of cosmological events which traditionally involved supernatural entities.His questioning approach to the understanding of heavenly phenomena was the beginning of Greek astronomy. Thales hypotheses were modern and bold, and in freeing phenomena from godly intervention, he paved the way towards scientific endeavor. He founded the Milesian school of natural philosophy, developed the scientific method, and initiated the first western enlightenment. A number of a necdotes is closely affiliated to Thales investigations of the cosmos. When considered in necktie with his hypotheses they take on added meaning and are most enlightening. Thales was highly esteemed in ancient times, and a letter cited by Diogenes Laertius, and purporting to be from Anaximenes to Pythagoras, advised that all our discourse should begin with a reference to Thales (D.L. II.4).1. The literature of ThalesDoubts have always existed about whether Thales wrote anything, but a number of ancient reports credit him with writings. Simplicius (Diels, Dox. p. 475) specifically attributed to Thales paternity of the so-called Nautical Star-guide. Diogenes Laertius raised doubts about authenticity, but wrote that fit to others Thales wrote nothing but two treatises, one On the Solstice and one On the Equinox (D.L. I.23). Lobon of Argus asserted that the writings of Thales amounted to two hundred lines (D.L. I.34), and Plutarch associated Thales with opinions and accounts expres s in verse (Plutarch, De Pyth. or. 18. 402 E). Hesychius, put down that Thales wrote on celestial matters in epic verse, on the equinox, and much else (DK, 11A2). Callimachus ascribe Thales with the sage advice that navigators should navigate by Ursa Minor (D.L. I.23), advice which may have been in writing.Diogenes mentions a poet, Choerilus, who declared that Thales was the first to maintain the immortality of the soul (D.L. I.24), and in De Anima, Aristotles words from what is recorded about Thales, indicate that Aristotle was pissing from a written source. Diogenes recorded thatThales seems by some accounts to have been the first to study astronomy, the first to predict eclipses of the temperateness and to fix the solstices so Eudemus in his History of Astronomy. It was this which gained for him the admiration of Xenophanes and Herodotus and the notice of Heraclitus and Democritus (D.L. I.23). Eudemus who wrote a History of Astronomy, and also on geometry and theology, must iness(prenominal) be considered as a possible source for the hypotheses of Thales. The information provided by Diogenes is the sort of material which he would have included in his History of Astronomy, and it is possible that the titles On the Solstice, and On the Equinox were available to Eudemus.Xenophanes, Herodotus, Heraclitus and Democritus were familiar with the work of Thales, and may have had a work by Thales available to them. A solstice is an astronomical event that happens twice each year when the Sun reaches its highest position in the sky as seen from the magnetic north or South Pole. The word solstice is derived from the Latin sol (sun) and sistere (to stand still), because at the solstices, the Sun stands still in declination that is, the seasonal movement of the Suns path (as seen from Earth) comes to a stop before reversing direction. The solstices, together with the equinoxes, are connected with the seasons.In many cultures the solstices mark either the beginning or the midpoint of winter and summer. The term solstice female genital organ also be used in a broader sense, as the date (day) when this occurs. The day of the solstice is either the womb-to-tomb day of the year (in summer) or the shortest day of the year (in winter) for any place on Earth, because the length of time between sunrise and sunset on that day is the yearly maximum or minimum for that place. Proclus recorded that Thales was followed by a great wealth of geometers, most of whom remain as honoured names. They commence with Mamercus, who was a pupil of Thales, and include Hippias of Elis, Pythagoras, Anaxagoras, Eudoxus of Cnidus, Philippus of Mende, Euclid, and Eudemus, a friend of Aristotle, who wrote histories of arithmetic, of astronomy, and of geometry, and many lesser known names. It is possible that writings of Thales were available to some of these men.Any records which Thales may have kept would have been an advantage in his own work. This is especially unbowed of mathematics, of the dates and times determined when fixing the solstices, the positions of stars, and infinancial transactions. It is difficult to believe that Thales would not have written down the information he had ga in that respectd in his travels, particularly the geometry he investigated in Egypt and his measuring of the summit of the pyramid, his hypotheses about nature, and the cause of change.Proclus acknowledged Thales as the discoverer of a number of specific theorems (A Commentary on the First Book of Euclids Elements 65. 8-9 250. 16-17). This suggests that Eudemus, Procluss source had before him the written records of Thaless discoveries. How did Thales prove his theorems if not in written words and sketches? The works On the Solstice, On the Equinox, which were attributed to Thales (D.L. I.23), and the Nautical Star guide, to which Simplicius referred, may have been sources for the History of Astronomy of Eudemus (D.L. I.23). Pythagoras (c.570c.495 BCE)The pre-S ocratic Greek philosopher Pythagoras must have been one of the worlds greatest persons, but he wrote nothing, and it is hard to say how much of the doctrine we know as Pythagorean is due to the founder of the society and how much is afterward development. It is also hard to say how much of what we are told about the life of Pythagoras is trustworthy for a mass of legend ga on that pointd around his name at an early date. Sometimes he is represented as a man of science, and sometimes as a preacher of private doctrines, and we might be tempted to regard one or other of those characters as alone historical. The truth is that there is no need to reject either of the traditional views.The union of mathematical genius and mysticism is common enough. Originally from Samos, Pythagoras founded at Kroton (in southern Italy) a society which was at once a religious confederacy and a scientific school. Such a body was bound to excite jealousy and mistrust, and we examine of many struggles. Pythagoras himself had to flee from Kroton to Metapontion, where he died.It is stated that he was a disciple of Anaximander, his astronomy was the natural development of Anaximanders. Also, the way in which the Pythagorean geometry developed also bears witness to its descent from that of Miletos. The great problem at this date was the duplication of the square, a problem which gave rise to the theorem of the square on the hypotenuse, comm singleknown still as the Pythagorean proposition (Euclid, I. 47). If we were right in assuming that Thales worked with the old 345 triangle, the connection is obvious.Pythagoras argued that there are three kinds of men, just as there are three classes of strangers who come to the surpassing Games. The lowest consists of those who come to buy and sell, and next above them are those who come to compete. Best of all are those who s mention come to look on. Men may be classified matchly as lovers of wisdom, lovers of honor, and lovers of gain. That s eems to imply the doctrine of the tripartite soul, which is also attributed to the early Pythagoreans on good authority, though it is common now to ascribe it to Plato. There are, however, clear references to it before his time, and it agrees much better with the general outlook of the Pythagoreans.The comparison of human life to a gathering like the Games was often repeated in subsequent days. Pythagoras also taught the doctrine of spiritual rebirth or transmigration, which we may have learned from the contemporary Orphics. Xenophanes made fun of him for pretending to recognize the translator of a departed friend in the howls of a beaten dog. Empedocles seems to be referring to him when he speaks of a man who could remember what happened ten or twenty generations before. It was on this that the doctrine of Recollection, which plays so great a part in Plato, was based. The things we perceive with the senses, Plato argues, remind us of things we knew when the soul was out of the bo dy and could perceive reality directly.There is more difficulty about the cosmology of Pythagoras. Hardly any school ever professed much(prenominal) adore for its founders authority as the Pythagoreans. The Master said so was their watchword. On the other hand, a couple of(prenominal) schools have shown so much capacity for progress and for adapting themselves to new conditions. Pythagoras started from the cosmical system of Anaximenes. Aristotle tells us that the Pythagoreans represented the world as inhaling air form the boundless mass outside it, and this air is identified with the unlimited. When, however, we come to the process by which things are developed out of the unlimited, we observe a great change.We hear nothing more of separating out or even of rarefaction and condensation. Instead of that we have the theory that what gives form to theUnlimited is the Limit. That is the great contribution of Pythagoras to philosophy, and we must try to understand it. Now the functio n of the Limit is usually illustrated from the arts of music and medicine, and we have seen how important these two arts were for Pythagoreans, so it is natural to infer that the key to its meaning is to be found in them.It may be taken as certain that Pythagoras himself discovered the mathematical ratios which determine the concordant intervals of the musical scale. Similar to musical intervals, in medicine there are opposites, such as the hot and the cold, the wet and the dry, and it is the business of the physician to produce a proper blend of these in the human body. In a well-known passage of Platos Phaedo (86 b) we are told by Simmias that the Pythagoreans held the body to be strung like an instrument to a certain pitch, hot and cold, wet and dry taking the place of high and low in music. Musical tuning and health are alike means arising from the act of Limit to the Unlimited. It was natural for Pythagoras to look for something of the same kind in the world at large. Briefly stated, the doctrine of Pythagoras was that all things are numbers. In certain fundamental cases, the early Pythagoreans represented numbers and explained their properties by means of dots arranged in certain figures or patterns. Zenos ParadoxesIn the fifth century B.C.E., Zeno of Elea offered arguments that led to conclusions contradicting what we all know from our physical experiencethat runners run, that arrows fly, and that there are many different things in the world. The arguments were paradoxes for the ancient Greek philosophers. Because most of the arguments turn crucially on the notion that space and time are infinitely dividablefor example, that for any distance there is such a thing as half that distance, and so onZeno was the first person in history to show that the concept of infinity is problematical.In his Achilles Paradox, Achilles races to catch a slower runnerfor example, a tortoise that is crawling away from him. The tortoise has a head start, so if Achilles ho pes to overtake it, he must run at least to the place where the tortoise presently is, but by the time he arrives there, it will have crawled to a new place, so then Achilles must run to this new place, but thetortoise meanwhile will have crawled on, and so forth. Achilles will never catch the tortoise, says Zeno. Therefore, good reasoning shows that tight runners never can catch slow ones. So much the worse for the claim that motion very occurs, Zeno says in defense of his mentor Parmenides who had argued that motion is an illusion.Although practically no scholars today would agree with Zenos conclusion, we can not escape the paradox by jumping up from our seat and chasing down a tortoise, nor by saying Achilles should run to some other target place ahead of where the tortoise is at the moment. What is required is an epitome of Zenos own argument that does not get us embroiled in new paradoxes nor impoverish our mathematics and science.This article explains his ten known parado xes and considers the treatments that have been offered. Zeno assumed distances and durations can be divided into an positive infinity (what we now call a transfinite infinity) of indivisible parts, and he assumed these are too many for the runner to sweep through. Aristotles treatment said Zeno should have assumed there are only cap baron infinities, and that neither places nor times divide into indivisible parts. His treatment became the generally accepted solution until the late nineteenth century. The current standard treatment says Zeno was right to conclude that a runners path contains an positive infinity of parts, but he was mistaken to assume this is too many.This treatment employs the apparatus of calculus which has turn up its indispensability for the development of modern science. In the twentieth century it finally became clear that disallowing actual infinities, as Aristotle wanted, hampers the growth of set theory and ultimately of mathematics and physics. This s tandard treatment took hundreds of years to perfect and was due to the flexibility of intellectuals who were willing to replace old theories and their concepts with more fruitful ones, despite the damage through with(p) to common sense and our naive intuitions. The article ends by exploring newer treatments of the paradoxesand related paradoxes such as Thomsons Lamp Paradoxthat were developed since the 1950s.Parmenides (b. 510 BCE)Parmenides was a Greek philosopher and poet, born of an illustrious family about BCE. 510, at Elea in Lower Italy, and is is the chief vocalization of the Eleatic philosophy. He was held in high esteem by his fellow-citizens for his excellent legislation, to which they ascribed the prosperity and wealth of the town. He was also admired for his exemplary life. A Parmenidean life was proverbial among the Greeks. He is commonly represented as a disciple of Xenophanes. Parmenides wrote after Heraclitus, and in conscious opposition to him, given the evident a llusion to Hericlitus for whom it is and is not, the same and not the same, and all things travel in opposite directions (fr. 6, 8). Little more is known of his biography than that he stopped at Athens on a journey in his sixty-fifth year, and there became acquainted with the youthful Socrates. That must have been in the middle of the fifth century BCE., or shortly after it.Parmenides broke with the old(a) Ionic prose tradition by writing in hexameter verse. His didactic poem, called On Nature, survives in fragments, although the Proem (or introductory discourse) of the work has been preserved. Parmenides was a young man when he wrote it, for the goddess who reveals the truth to him addresses him as youth. The work is considered inartistic. Its Hesiodic style was appropriate for the cosmogony he describes in the second part, but is unsuited to the arid dialectic of the first. Parmenides was no born poet, and we must ask what led him to take this new departure. The example of Xenop hanes poetic writings is not a complete explanation for the poetry of Parmenides is as unlike that of Xenophanes as it well can be, and his style is more like Hesiod and the Orphics. In the Proem Parmenides describes his ascent to the home of the goddess who is supposed to speak the remainder of the verses this is a reflexion of the conventional ascents into heaven which were almost as common as descents into hell in the apocalyptic literature of those days.The Proem opens with Parmenides representing himself as borne on a chariot and attended by the Sunmaidens who have quitted the Halls of Night to guide him on his journey. They pass on the highway till they come to the Gate of Night and Day, which is locked and barred. The key is in the keeping of Dike (Right), the Avenger, who is persuaded to unlock it by the Sunmaidens.They pass in through the gate and are now, of course, in the realms of Day. The goal of the journey is the castle of a goddess who welcomes Parmenides and instr ucts him in the two ways, that of Truth and the deceptive way of Belief, in which is no truth at all. All this is described without inspiration and in a purely conventional manner, so it must be interpreted by the canons of the apocalyptic style. It is clearly meant to indicate that Parmenides had been converted, that he had passed from error (night) to truth (day), and the Two ship canal must represent his former error and the truth which is now revealed to him.There is reason to believe that the flair of Belief is an account of Pythagorean cosmology. In any case, it is surely impractical to regard it as anything else than a description of some error. The goddess says so in words that cannot be explained away. Further, this erroneous belief is not the indifferent mans view of the world, but an elaborate system, which seems to be a natural development the Ionian cosmology on certain lines, and there is no other system but the Pythagorean that fulfils this requirement. To this it has been objected that Parmenides would not have taken the trouble to expound in detail a system he had totally rejected, but that is to mistake the character of the apocalyptic convention. It is not Parmenides, but the goddess, that expounds the system, and it is for this reason that the beliefs described are said to be those of mortals.Now a description of the ascent of the soul would be quite incomplete without a picture of the region from which it had escaped. The goddess must reveal the two ways at the parting of which Parmenides stands, and bid him involve the better. The rise of mathematics in the Pythagorean school had revealed for the first time the power of approximation. To the mathematician of all men it is the same thing that can be thought and that can be, and this is the principle from which Parmenides starts. It is impossible to think what is not, and it is impossible for what cannot be thought to be. The great question, Is it or is it not? is t because equivalen t to the question, Can it be thought or not?In any case, the work thus has two divisions. The first discusses the truth, and the second the world of illusion that is, the world of the senses and the erroneous opinions of mankind founded upon them. In his opinion truthlies in the perception that cosmos is, and error in the idea that non- institution also can be. Nothing can have real existence but what is conceivable therefore to be imagined and to be able to exist are the same thing, and there is no development. The essence of what is conceivable is incapable of development, imperishable, immutable, unbounded, and indivisible. What is various and mutable, all development, is a delusive phantom. Perception is thought directed to the pure essence of being the phenomenal world is a delusion, and the opinions formed concerning it can only be improbable.Parmenides goes on to consider in the light of this principle the consequences of saying that anything is. In the first place, it cann ot have come into being. If it had, it must have arisen from nothing or from something. It cannot have arisen from nothing for there is no nothing. It cannot have arisen from something for here is nothing else than what is. Nor can anything else besides itself come into being for there can be no nullify space in which it could do so. Is it or is it not? If it is, then it is now, all at once. In this way Parmenides refutes all accounts of the origin of the world. Ex nihilo nihil fit.Further, if it is, it simply is, and it cannot be more or less. There is, therefore, as much of it in one place as in another. (That makes rarefaction and condensation impossible.) it is continuous and indivisible for there is nothing but itself which could prevent its parts being in contact with one another. It is therefore full, a continuous indivisible plenum. (That is directed against the Pythagorean theory of a discontinuous reality.) Further, it is immovable. If it moved, it must move into empty sp ace, and empty space is nothing, and there is no nothing.Also it is finite and spherical for it cannot be in one direction any more than in another, and the sphere is the only figure of which this can be said. What is, therefore a finite, spherical, motionless, continuous plenum, and there is nothing beyond it. Coming into being and ceasing to be are mere names, and so is motion, and still more color and the like. They are not even thoughts for a thought must be a thought of something that is, and none of these can be.Such is the conclusion to which the view of the real as a single body inevitably leads, and there is no escape from it. The matter of our physical text-books is just the real of Parmenides and, unless we can find room for something else than matter, we are shut up into his account of reality. No subsequent system could afford to ignore this, but of course it was impossible to acquiesce permanently in a doctrine like that of Parmenides. It deprives the world we know of all claim to existence, and reduces it to something which is hardly even an illusion. If we are to give an intelligible account of the world, we must certainly introduce motion again somehow. That can never be taken for granted any more, as it was by the early cosmologists we must attempt to explain it if we are to escape from the conclusions of Parmenides. Heraclitus (fl. c.500 BCE)A Greek philosopher of the late 6th century BCE, Heraclitus criticizes his predecessors and contemporaries for their failure to see the unity in experience. He claims to announce an everlasting Word (Logos) according to which all things are one, in some sense. Opposites are necessary for life, but they are unified in a system of balance exchanges. The world itself consists of a virtue-like interchange of elements, symbolized by fire. Thus the world is not to be identified with any particular substance, but rather with an ongoing process governed by a law of change. The underlying law of nature also mani fests itself as a moral law for human beings. Heraclitus is the first Western philosopher to go beyond physical theory in search of metaphysical foundations and moral applications. Anaxagoras (c.500428 BCE)Anaxagoras of Clazomenae was an important Presocratic natural philosopher and scientist who lived and taught in Athens for approximately thirty years. He gained notoriety for his materialistic views, particularly his contention that the sun was a fiery rock. This led to charges of impiety, and he was sentenced to death by the Athenian court. He avoided this penalty by leaving Athens, and he dog-tired his remaining years in exile. While Anaxagoras proposed theories on a classification of subjects, he is most noted for two theories. First, he speculated that in the physical world everything contains a batch of everything else. His observation of how nutrition works in living organisms led him to conclude that in order for the food an animal eats to turn into bone,hair, flesh, an d so forth, it must already contain all of those constituents within it. The second theory of significance is Anaxagoras postulation of Mind (Nous) as the initiating and governing principle of the cosmos. Democritus (460370 BCE)Democritus was born at Abdera, about 460 BCE, although according to some 490. His father was from a noble family and of great wealth, and contributed largely towards the entertainment of the army of Xerxes on his chip in to Asia. As a reward for this service the Persian monarch gave and other Abderites presents and left among them several Magi. Democritus, according to Diogenes Laertius, was instructed by these Magi in astronomy and theology. After the death of his father he traveled in search of wisdom, and devoted his inheritance to this purpose, amounting to one hundred historynts. He is said to have visited Egypt, Ethiopia, Persia, and India. Whether, in the course of his travels, he visited Athens or studied under Anaxagoras is uncertain. During some p art of his life he was instructed in Pythagoreanism, and was a disciple of Leucippus. After several years of traveling, Democritus returned to Abdera, with no means of subsistence.His brother Damosis, however, took him in. According to the law of Abdera, whoever worn his patrimony would be deprived of the rites of burial. Democritus, hoping to avoid this disgrace, gave public lectures. Petronius relates that he was acquainted with the virtues of herbs, plants, and stones, and that he spent his life in making experiments upon natural bodies. He acquired fame with his knowledge of natural phenomena, and predicted changes in the weather. He used this ability to make people believe that he could predict future events. They not only viewed him as something more than mortal, but even proposed to put him in control of their public affairs. He preferred a contemplative to an spry life, and therefore declined these public honors and passed the remainder of his days in solitude.Credit canno t be given to the tale that Democritus spent his leisure hours in chemical researches after the philosophers stone the dream of a later age or to the story of his conversation with Hippocrates concerning Democrituss supposed madness, as based on misbegotten letters. Democritus has been commonly known as The Laughing Philosopher, and it is gravely relatedby Seneca that he never appeared in public with out expressing his contempt of human follies while laughing. Accordingly, we find that among his fellow-citizens he had the name of the mocker. He died at more than a hundred years of age. It is said that from then on he spent his days and nights in caverns and sepulchers, and that, in order to master his intellectual faculties, he blinded himself with burning glass. This story, however, is shamed by the writers who mention it insofar as they say he wrote books and dissected animals, neither of which could be done well without eyes.Democritus expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus. He maintained the impossibility of dividing things ad infinitum. From the difficulty of depute a beginning of time, he argued the eternity of existing nature, of void space, and of motion. He supposed the atoms, which are sooner similar, to be impenetrable and have a density proportionate to their volume. All motions are the result of active and passive affection. He drew a distinction between primary motion and its secondary effects, that is, beat and reaction. This is the basis of the law of necessity, by which all things in nature are ruled. The worlds which we see with all their properties of immensity, resemblance, and contrariety result from the endless multiplicity of falling atoms. The human soul consists of globular atoms of fire, which impart movement to the body.Maintaining his atomic theory throughout, Democritus introduced the hypothesis of images or idols (eidola), a kind of emanation from external objects, which make an impression on our senses, and from the inf luence of which he deduced sensation (aesthesis) and thought (noesis). He distinguished between a rude, imperfect, and therefore imitative perception and a true one. In the same manner, consistent with this theory, he accounted for the popular notions of Deity partly through our incapacity to understand fully the phenomena of which we are witnesses, and partly from the impressions communicated by certain beings (eidola) of enormous stature and resembling the human figure which inhabit the air. We know these from dreams and the causes of divination. He carried his theory into practical philosophy also, laying down that happiness consisted in an even temperament. From this he deduced his moral principles and prudential maxims. It was from Democritus thatEpicurus borrowed the principal features of his philosophy. Empedocles (c.492432 BCE)Empedocles (of Acagras in Sicily) was a philosopher and poet one of the most important of the philosophers working before Socrates (the Presocratics ), and a poet of outstanding ability and of great influence upon later poets such as Lucretius. His works On Nature and Purifications (whether they are two poems or only one see below) exist in more than 150 fragments. He has been regarded variously as a materialist physicist, a shamanic magician, a mystical theologian, a healer, a democratic politician, a living god, and a fraud. To him is attributed the invention of the four-element theory of matter (earth, air, fire, and water), one of the earliest theories of particle physics, put forward seemingly to rescue the phenomenal world from the static monism of Parmenides.Empedocles world-view is of a cosmic cycle of eternal change, growth and decay, in which two personified cosmic forces, grapple and Strife, engage in an eternal battle for supremacy. In psychology and ethics Empedocles was a follower of Pythagoras, hence a believer in the transmigration of souls, and hence also a vegetarian. He claims to be a daimn, a divine or pote ntially divine being, who, having been banished from the immortals gods for three times countless years for committing the sin of carnivorous and forced to suffer successive reincarnations in an purificatory journey through the different orders of nature and elements of the cosmos, has now achieved the most perfect of human states and will be reborn as an immortal. He also claims seemingly charming powers including the ability to revive the dead and to control the winds and rains.