Computer Hacking and Cyber Crime Law Essay

COMPUTER HACKING AND CYBER CRIME LAW History of Hacking According to (Clifford R.D. 2006) a cracker or cracking is to â€Å"gain unauthorized access to a computer in order to commit another crime such as destroying information contained in that system†. These subgroups may also be defined by the legal status of their activities. Eric S. Raymond (author of The New Hacker’s Dictionary) advocates that members of the computer underground should be called crackers. Yet, those people see themselves as hackers and even try to include the views of Raymond in what they see as one wider hacker culture, a view harshly rejected by Raymond himself. Instead of a hacker/cracker dichotomy, they give more emphasis to a spectrum of different categories, such as white hat, grey hat, black hat and script kiddie. World Of Hacking Hacking is the practice of modifying the features of a system, in order to accomplish a goal outside of the creator’s original purpose. The person who is consistently engaging in hacking activities, and has accepted hacking as a lifestyle and philosophy of their choice, is called a hacker. Modifying the features of a system. Gaining an unauthorized access to a computer system. Breaks into a system security. Refers to the hobby/profession of working with computers. It also about learning how a system works and how to make it do things it wasn’t designed to do, or you haven’t got the privileges to do. Hacker A hacker is someone who seeks and exploits weaknesses in a computer system or computer network. Hackers may be motivated by a multitude of reasons, such as profit, protest, or challenge. The subculture that has evolved around hackers is often referred to as the computer underground and is now a known community. White Hats – good Gray hats – good or bad Black hats – bad Script kiddie A script kiddie (also known as a skid or skiddie) is a non-expert who breaks  into computer systems by using pre-packaged automated tools written by others, usually with little understanding of the underlying concept—hence the term script (i.e. a prearranged plan or set of activities) kiddie (i.e. kid, child—an individual lacking knowledge and experience, immature). Blue hat A blue hat hacker is someone outside computer security consulting firms who is used to bug test a system prior to its launch, looking for exploits so they can be closed. Microsoft also uses the term Blue Hat to represent a series of security briefing events. Hacker Code Of Ethics Levy (1984) suggests that there is a â€Å"code of ethics† for hacking which, though not pasted on the walls, is in the air: Access to Computers – and anything which might teach you something about the way the world works – should be unlimited and total. Always yield to the Hands-On Imperative! All information should be free. Mistrust Authority – Promote Decentralization. Hackers should be judged by their hacking, not bogus criteria such as degrees, age, race, or position. You can create art and beauty on a computer. Computers can change your life for the better. CYBER CRIME LAW Senator Angara is defined as any illegal and criminal act activity committed on the internet. State Policy Regarding Cyber Crimes The State Recognize.. 1. The vital role of information and communication industries such as content production, telecommunication, broadcasting, electronic commerce, and data processing, in the nation’s overall social and economic development. 2. The importance of providing an environment conducive to the development, acceleration, and rational application and exploitation of information and communication technology to attain free, easy and intelligible access to exchange and/or delivery of information. 3. The need to protect and safeguard the integrity of computer, computer and communication systems, network, and databases and the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information and data stored therein, from all forms of misuse, abuse, and  illegal access by making punishable under the law such conduct or conducts. Cyber Crimes Offenses 1. Offenses against the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computer data and systems. A. Illegal Access – The intentional access to the whole or any part of a computer system without right. Element of Computer System There must be a device a group of interconnected or related devices. At least one of the devices performs automatic processing of data pursuant to a program. The device need NOT be connected in a network as long as it consists of both hardware and software and have input, output and storage facilities. Element of the offense of illegal Access 1.There must be an intentional access in whole or any part of a computer system. 2. The person who attempts, or is accessing, or had already access the data has no right to access to the system. â€Å"An Authorized person may not be authorized.† B. Illegal Interception Interception – refers to the listening to, recording, monitoring or surveillance of the content of communication. Elements of Illegal Interception 1. It must be intentional. 2. It must be by technical means. 3. The person involved is without any right to do the intercept. 4. The transmission of computer data to, from, or within a computer system is non-public. 5. It must not fall in any exemption. C. Data Interference Intentional or reckless alteration of computer data without right. C.System Interference Intentional or reckless hindering without the right of the functioning of a computer system by inputting, transmitting, deleting or altering computer data or program. MisUse of Devices The use, production, sale, procurement, importation, distribution, or otherwise making available, without right, of: – device, including a  computer program, designed or adapted primarily for the purpose of committing any of then offenses under this act; Or -a computer password, access code, or similar data by which the whole or any part of a computer system is capable of being accessed with intent that it be used for the purpose of committing any of the offenses under this Act; CYBERSEX AND CHILD PORNOGRAPHY CYBERSEX -Any person who establishes, maintains or controls, directly or indirectly any operation for sexual activity or arousal with the aid of or through the use of a computer system, for a favor or consideration. Child Pornography -refers to pornography depicting sexually explicit activities involving a child. It may use a variety of media, including writings, magazines, photos, sculpture, drawing, cartoon, painting, animation, sound recording, film video, and video games. Child pornography is divided into simulated child pornography and pornography which was produced with direct involvement of the child (also known as Child Abuse Images.) For a person to be guilty of cybersex as defined by the cybercrime law, all the following elements must be present: There must be an operation for sexual activity or arousal; The sexual activity or arousal is done with the aid of or through the use of a computer system; The activity is done for a favor or consideration. The operation is/ was established, maintained or controlled by a person directly or indirectly. From the above, element no.3 should NOT have been included by our law makers. What is the Penalty for this Crime? Any person found guilty of the cybercrime of cybersex shall be punished with imprisonment of prison mayor or a fine at least Two Hundred Thousand Pesos ( Php 200,000.00) But not exceeding One Million Pesos (1,000,000.00) or both. Sec. 5 Other Offenses: The following acts shall also constitute an offense: 1. Aiding or abetting in the Commission of Cybercrime– Any person who willfully abets or aids in the commission of any of the offenses enumerated in this Act shall be held liable. 2. Attempt in the Commission of Cybercrime– A prosecution who willfully attempts to commit any offenses enumerated in this Act shall be held liable. Sec. 6 Liability under other Laws A prosecution under this Act shall be w/o prejudice to any liability for violation Of the Revised Penal Code, as amended or special laws COMPUTER-RELATED OFFENSES: Computer-related forgery Computer-related Fraud Unsolicited Commercial Communications 1.) Computer-related Forgery -(a) the intentional input, alteration, or deletion of any computer data w/o right resulting in inauthentic data w/ the intent that it be considered or acted upon for legal purposes as if it were authentic, regardless, whether or not the data is directly readable and intelligible; (b) the act of knowingly using computer data which is the product of computer-related forgery as defined herein, for the purpose of perpetuating a fraudulent or dishonest design. 2.) A pe rson is guilty of forgery if: (a)With purpose to defraud or injure anyone; OR (b) With knowledge that he is facilitating a fraud or injury to be perpetrated by anyone; the actor: 1.) alters any writings of another without his authority; 2.) makes, completes, executes, authenticates, issues or transfers any writing so that it purports to be the act of another who did not authorize the act, or to have been executed at a time or place or in a numbered sequence other than was in fact the case, or to be a copy of an original when no such original existed; or 3.) utters any writing which he knows to be forged in a manner specified in the revised penal code. Elements of Computer related Forgery. First type of Offense â€Å"ACTIVE COMPUTER RELATED FORGERY† (a) There must be an intentional input, alteration, or deletion of any computer data without right; (b) The result is an inauthentic data; (c) The intent is to use the inauthentic data to be considered or acted upon as if it is authentic Second type of Offense â€Å"PASSIVE COMPUTER RELATED FORGERY a) There must be an existing inauthentic data brought about by the elements of ACTIVE computer-related forgery. b) Knowingly acting on the inauthentic data for the purpose of perpetuating a fraudulent or dishonest design. 2.) Computer Related Fraud If A had a loan from his cooperative and the only evidence of such loan is the records stored in the cooperative’s computer system, A with intent to procure economic benefit, changed the source code of the system’s program so that on an particular date, the system will hang and immediately cause the malfunctioning of the said system. Thus, A can easily deny that he still has an obligation to the cooperative. 3.) Unsolicited Commercial Communications -The transmission of commercial electronic communication with the use of a computer system which seek to advertise, sell, or offer for sale products and services are prohibited unless a. There is a prior affirmative consent from the recipient; or b. The following conditions are present: i. The commercial electronic communication contains a simple, valid, and reliable way for the recipient to reject receipt of further commercial electronic messages (‘opt-out’) from the same source; ii. The commercial electronic communication does not purposely disguise the source of the electronic message; and iii. The commercial electronic communication does not purposely include misleading information in any part of the message in order to induce in the recipients to read the message. BLOG Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content WHAT IS BLOGGING ? – A new form of expression where in you express your thoughts and ideas about a specific topic . BLOGGERS : Tina Hamilton is a veteran journalist , a social media guru and a aspiring blogger who enjoys covering a wide range of topics. She currently works with a professional SEO consultant in her attempt to gain an education in the industry John Charles Edward â€Å"Carlos† Pamintuan Celdran also known as CARLOS CELDRAN† He is truly proud of being a Filipino as his blog Celdrantours tries to change how the world sees Manila. Through his blogs. INTRODUCTION With the emergence and popularity of blogging as a new form of expression, the coverage of defamation laws has extended to cyberspace. The consequences is that, people who are adversely affected by writings in this medium is bringing lawsuits to protect their name and reputation. While the Philippine Constitution protects bloggers’ right to free speech and expression, this does not give them unfettered license to write to the detriment of others. This Chapter discusses the person’s right to free speech and expression while respecting the person’s honor. This chapter aims to equip the reader relevant knowledge to supplement his skills in determining whether or not a certain form of expression is within the scope guaranteed by the Constitution. Bases of the Guaranteed of the Right of Freedom of Expression Two (2) Philosophical Bases for the Guarantee of this Right Discovery of truth For self-government In the case of US vs. Bustos (37 Phil. 731), in which the defendants were charged with libel of a public officials for statements made Mr. Justice Malcolm, writing the opinion of the Court, said: â€Å"Public policy, the welfare of society, and the orderly administration of government, have demanded protection for public opinion. The inevitable and incontestable result has been the development and adaptation of the doctrine of privilege.† `â€Å"A public official must NOT be too thin-skinned with reference to comment upon his official acts.† Scope of the Freedom of Expression Article III, Section 4 of the Phil. Constitution says: â€Å"No law shall be passed abridging the freedom speech, of expression, or the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the Government for redress of grievances.† Article III, Section 18(1) of the Phil. Constitution says: â€Å"No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations.† Question: But how can we determine the scope of this expression? According to Justice Isagani Cruz, an authority in Constitutional law, the ideas that may be expressed under this freedom are NOT confined only to those that are sympathetic or acceptable to the majority. To be really meaningful, it should permit the articulation of even the unorthodox view, though it be unfriendly to or mocked by others, or â€Å"induces a condition of unrest, creates dissatisfaction with conditions as they are, or even stirs people to anger.† Justice Holmes said that this right exists NOT so much for the thought that AGREES with us as for the thought that we detest. From this comes the famous statement from Voltaire: Voltaire â€Å"I may NOT agree with what you say, but I will defend to the dead your right to say it†. Freedom from prior restraint or censorship Prior means official governmental restrictions on the press or other forms of expression in advance of actual publication or dissemination. Freedom from subsequent punishment The freedom from prior restraint would set at naught if the citizen would hesitate to speak for fear of vengeance that he might suffer against the officials he criticized. Limitations on the Guarantee Case: Tulfo wrote an article in his column in PDI ‘On Target’ on October 13, 1989, stating that the Supreme Court rendered an idiotic decision in legalizing checkpoints, and again on October 16, 1989, where he called the SC stupid and â€Å"sangkatutak na mga bobo justices of the Philippine Supreme Court†. There are 2 kinds of publications which can be punished for contempt: 1.Those whose object is to affect the decision in a pending case 2.Whose object is to bring courts to discredit Standards for allowable subsequent punishment TEST CRITERION 1.Dangerous Tendency Test There should be a RATIONAL CONNECTION between the speech and the evil apprehend 2.Clear and Present Danger Test There should be a clear and present danger that the words when used under such circumstances are of such a nature as to create a CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER that they will bring about the substantive evils that the State has a right to prevent 3.Balancing of Interest Test The courts should BALANCE the PUBLIC INTEREST served by legislation on one hand and the FREEDOM OF SPEECH (or any other constitutional right) on the other. The courts will then decide where the greater weight should be placed LIBEL A legal term for something written which is harmful to a persons reputation. – is a defamation committed by means of writing, printing, lithography, engraving, radio, phonography, painting, theatrical exhibition, cinematographic exhibition, or any similar means. Libel is punished by our Revised Penal Code which states: Art. 353. Definition of Libel. – A libel is public and malicious imputation of a crime, or of a vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any act, omission, condition, status, or circumstance tending to cause the dishonor, discredit, or contempt of a natural or juridical person, or to blacken the memory of one who is dead. Art. 354. Requirement for Publicity. – Every defamatory imputation is presumed to be malicious, even if it be true, if no good intention and justifiable motive for making it is shown, except in the following cases: 1.A private communication made by any person to another in the performance of any legal, moral or social duty; and 2.A fair and true report, made in good faith, without any comments or remarks, of any judicial, legislative or other official proceedings which are not of confidential nature, or any of statement, report or speech delivered in said proceedings, or of any other act performed by public officers in the exercise of their functions Art. 355. Libel means by writings or similar means. – A libel committed by means of writing, printing, lithography, engraving, radio, phonography, painting, theatrical exhibitions, cinematographic exhibition, or any similar means, shall be punished by prison correctional in its minimum and medium periods or a fine ranging from 200 to 6,000, or both, in addition to the civil action which may be brought by the offended party. DefamationElements of Defamation For a person to be convicted of defamation, the following elements should be present. 1. There must be an imputation of a crime, or of a vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any act, omission, condition, status, or circumstance. 2. The imputation must be made publicly. 3. It must be malicious. 4. The imputation must be directed at a natural or juridical person, or one who is dead. 5. The imputation must tend to cause the dishonor, discredit, or contempt of the person defamed. Absolute Privileged Communication To illustrate, let us recall the privileged speech delivered by Sen. Revilla in the Senate last 2009, in that instance, he called Dr. Hayden Kho â€Å"Maniac†. Buwang itong doctor na ito. Baliw, Mr. President,† he further said. Qualified or Conditionally Privileged Communications Under this privilege, the freedom of the liability for an otherwise defamatory utterance is conditioned on the absence of express malice or malice in fact. Thus, in re:Tulfo (supra), notwithstanding the freedom of the press guarantee of the Constitution, the respondent was severely censured because there is malice brought about by a disrespectful language. A good example which will illustrate the absence of malice in rendering fair and true report is the case of GMA Network vs Bustos (G.R. No. 146848 October 17,2006). Interpreting The Libelous Statement The alleged libelous article must be construed as a whole (Jimenez vs. Reyes, 27 Phil.52) The Meaning given by the writer nor by the offended person is Immaterial. If the libelous statement shall be interpreted by the writer, then the writer can easily escapes by giving an interpretation to the effect that malice is not present. On the other hand. If the offender person is the one who will interpret the libelous article, he can easily imputes malice against the writer to hold him liable. Meaning of Publication Publications does not mean that the defamatory statement should be published in the newspaper of general circulation, televised in national television, neither by refereed ISI Journal, etc. There is publication when the communication of the defamatory matter is made to some third person or persons( People vs Atencio, Dec 14,1954) Thus, If Juan sent a letter to Pedro which reads: â€Å"Pablo is a thief†, this is sufficient publication. ‘ Identification of the Party is Required in the 4thElement A blind item writer cannot be guilty of libel , as long as the person defamed cannot be identified. Thus, if the blind item states: â€Å"The wife of the pound for pound king†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Although the name is not expressly mentioned, the person can be easily identified, so the writer may be liable. General Rule: Every defamatory imputation is presumed to be malicious, even if it be true, if no good intention and justifiable motive for making it is shown, Exception: Except in the following cases: {This is the exemption to the general rule; here malice is NOT presumed} A Private communication made by any person to another in the performance of any legal, moral, or social duty; and A fair and true report, made in good faith, without any comments or remarks, of any judicial, legislative or other official proceedings which are not of confidential nature, or of any statement, report or speech delivered in said proceedings, or of any other act performed by public officers in the exercise of their functions. Going back to our previous example, if Juan sent a letter to Pedro which reads: â€Å"Pablo is a Thief† , it is presumed that that there is MALICE on the part of Juan. It means that the law presumes that Juan is prompted by personal ill-will in making the communication to Pedro. Now, suppose Pablo really is a thief, will the law still presumed malice on the part of Juan? Yes, unless Juan has good intention and justifiable motive in making communication. Thus, If Pedro is looking for a cashier in his department store Juan will be justified in making the communication so that Pedro won’t hire Pablo who applied for the cashier position. The same holds true if the message was sent through an e-mail and/or text messages. Relevance of Knowing the Presumption of Law If the case falls under the general rule, that is, malice is presumed, it is the writer or the accused who has the burden of proof. Hence, the complainant will NOT be obliged to prove that there is a malice on the part of the accused. The accused will have to produce evidence that his claim against the complainant is true. Do not be confused, the accused is the writer that is why he is being accused of libel because he is the one who wrote the libellous statement. The complainant is the offended party, that is, the person defamed that is why he is the one complaining. If the case falls under the exemption, it is the complainant who has the burden of proof like in the case of GMA Network vs Bustos, wherein Bustos, the complainant failed to prove that there is bad faith or malice on the part of GMA in showing the alleged malicious report. Libel in the Internet After reading the necessary materials pertaining to an individual’s right to freedom of expression and the libel law, we are now ready to study its application using the internet as its medium. Let us start our study with the following scenario. Libel in the internet or e-libel is within the Scope  of Libel Defined in the Revised Penal code The case of Bonifacio vs Jimenez (supra), unfortunately, was misinterpreted by some because they cite this case to support their opinion that e-libel is beyond the ambit of libel provided by the Revised Penal Code. According to them since the SC had dismissed the case, it is already settled that e-libel cannot be punished in our jurisdiction. I beg to disagree. If you will read the full text of the case of bonifacio vs Jimenez, it is very clear that Jimenez did not win the case because of the wrong choice of option. If Jimenez simply alleged in the information that they are (or at least one of the offended parties) presently residing in the City of Makati at the time of the commission of the offense, that is enough to vest jurisdiction to the RTC-Makati and enable the letter to hear and decide the case on the merits. The case was dismissed because RTC-Makati failed to acquire jurisdiction of the case NOT because there is no e-libel in our country. Another argument is that, â€Å"at the time the revised penal code was enacted, there is no internet yet, hence, the legislature could NOT have intended to include internet as a medium. To address this argument let us reproduce the pertinent provision of the libel law regard to this, thus: Art.335.Libel means by writings or similar means. *A libel committed by means of writing, printing, lithography, engraving, radio, phonagraphy, painting, theatrical exhibit, cinematographic exhibition, or any similar means (big emphasis supplied).

Political Unrest in Lybia

Political Unrest in Libya Introduction For the past forty-two years Muammar Gaddafi has been in control of Libya. For the past few months the people of Libya has been involved in a civil war with hopes of Muammar Gaddafi stepping down as the Prime Minister. The civil war began with the arrest of human rights activist Fethi Tarbel; who works to free political prisoners. The arrest of Tarbel triggered a riot in the city of Benghazi. February 17, 2006 is a known date in Libya because that was the day that security forces killed protesters outside of the Italian consulate, so anti-Gaddafi activist choose February 17, 2011 as a day of rage. All over the city of Benghazi laws were being defied and law enforcement officers were being ignored by the people who were tired of forty-two years of Muammar Gaddafi’s reign. The Libyan civil war is an important social issue because Muammar Gaddafi is killing his own people in attempt to keep control of Libya. Any time a leader is killing his own people it is a matter of international affairs. As a leader he should not be killing his own people in attempt to keep control of his reign. As a nation we should be worried about the Libyan war because not only is innocent people being killed, Libya is an oil producing country. As an oil producing country Libya exports 1. 6 million barrels a day eighty percent of oil exported Libya is imported to Europe (petroleum-export). The United States imports one percent of Libyan oil but forty percent of European oil and when imported oil is disrupted in Europe it is felt in the United States. Libya is also surrounded by countries that are sometimes hostile. The United States depends on Libya to be able to project influence and power into those hostile countries if needed to be (NPR). General Background Libyan Arab Jamahiriya is a country in northern Africa that was previously controlled by the Italians until 1943 when they lost in World War II. Libya gained their independence in 1951 from the United Nations Trusteeship making Tripoli the capital. Libya is populated with about 6,597,960 people with a thirty percent unemployment rate (CIA). Majority of the people that make up Libya is from the Arabian descent. With majority of the people being Arab, the religion that is most practiced is Sunni Muslim (CIA). There are three languages that are widely spoken in Libya which are: English, Italian and Arabic being the official language of Libya. While some people might mistake Libya for being a communist country it is not. The belief of Libya is from the â€Å"green book† which rejects communism (CIA). Libya is actually considered an authoritarian country which is defined as; characterized by or favoring absolute obedience to authority, as against individual freedom (the free dictionary). Just like any other self-governing country Libya has its own military with all five branches. Muammar Gaddafi fights for power and gets it Muammar Gaddafi sometimes referred to as Colonel Gaddafi graduated from the University of Libya in 1963 (Britannica). Soon after that he began to come up with a plan to overthrow King Idris I. He decided to go to a military academy to achieve some rank. In 1965 Muammar Gaddafi graduated from the Libyan Military Academy (Britannica). After he graduated he began to rise within the ranks of the Libyan military. September 1, 1969 Colonel Gaddafi successfully overthrew the monarchy of King Idris I in a bloodless military coup (Britannica). Many high ranking officials thought his plan was a mastermind so at the age of twenty-seven colonel Gaddafi was named commander in chief of the armed forces and chairman of the revolutionary command council which was Libya’s new governing body. In 1970 he was appointed Prime Minister (Britannica). Once in power Gaddafi began making some radical changes in Libya by removing the United States and British military bases from Libyan soil (Britannica). He began to push his Islamic beliefs onto the people of Libya by banning alcoholic beverages and gambling. Gaddafi tried several times to unite Libya with other Arabian countries, but all of his attempts were unsuccessful. He formed the Arab Socialist Republics changing the official name of Libya to Republic Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (dnewsglobal). Not only did he change the name of Libya but he also changed the flag from its original red, black, and green with a star and crescent on the middle to a simple green colored flag. He changed the government landscape of Libya to be led into two main pillars (dnewsglobal). One of them is called the â€Å"revolutionary sector† while the other is called he â€Å"Jamahiriya Sector†. They are extremely different because the revolutionary sector consists of Gaddafi as the leader, The Revolutionary Committee, and the Revolutionary Command Council (dnewsglobal). The revolutionary sector is the core power in Libya. The people that are in the revolutionary sector are appointed so they have no term of office (dne wsglobal). On the other hand the â€Å"Jamahiriya sector†, is for the people it is the Libyan congress and is the legislative part of the two sectors. The people that serve the Jamahiriya sector are elected every four years (dnewsglobal). Along with everything else Muammar Gaddafi wrote a â€Å"green book† which outlines the three basic understanding of democracy on the basis of â€Å"people’s power†, â€Å"economic Socialism† and â€Å"third international theory. †(dnewsglobal) The book is a very controversial book because the green book promotes the system of direct democracy based on the formation of people’s committees. Although there are two committees that runs the core of Libya it always come down to one person which is Muammar Gaddafi and forty-two years of power is far from a democracy. Civil War Two weeks into February a human rights activist name Fathi Tarbel was arrested (CNN). The people of Libya were outraged and they began to protest outside of the police headquarters in Benghazi in attempt to free Tarbel. The protest started with 200 people but quickly rose to about 600 people. Things took a major turn when Libyan police came out dressed in civilian clothes to break up the protest. They dispensed tear gas, hot water and they hit the protesters with baton sticks. Gaddafi began to use his air force to calm things down. He ordered an helicopter to fire rapidly on the protesters in Benghazi. The protesters began to fight force wit force by packing a car with explosives with the hopes of breaking into a nearby military camp (CNN). The protest spread to other parts of Libya in Quryna African mercenaries opened fire on the civilians in Tajourea (CNN). In the countries capitol war planes and helicopters conducted air strikes. Even though there were some people against Gaddafi there were still some people for him. The people that wanted him gone began to fight with the people that wanted him to stay. All of the fighting going on eventually spread to Zamiya, Tajura and Misrata (cnn). In Zawiya seventeen people were killed and 150 were wounded (CNN). It was reported that mercenaries were shooting at unarmed civilians in Tajura(CNN). In Tripoli snipers and other security forces were firing at the crowd in an attempt to make them disperse (CNN). Once anti-Gaddafi people took over Zamiya they began to fight back against pro-government people. The anti-Gaddafi people were taking over Libya and Gaddafi had enough by stating â€Å"they play hard I also play hard. I will survive until the last drop of blood. † He ordered Libyan aircrafts to drop bombs were the rebels had took over. He ordered mortar and machine gun attacks. Muammar Gadaffi growing very upset began to bomb places just to make sure there were no rebels there. A CNN witness stated that â€Å"he is bombing his way into Misrata†¦he doesn’t care if all of the people there are dead by the end of the day (CNN). † The rebels managed to get their hands on anti-aircraft weapons in an attempt to fight back some of the air attacks ordered by Gaddafi (CNN). Since the united nations ordered a cease fire and a no-fly zone(CNN) Gaddafi took his attacks on more of an ground mission. Despite the international orders Libyan forces continued to fire mortars and heavy fire into the city of Misrata to try and take control back of lost land. The human watch has reported Gaddafi forces placed dozens of land mines outside the city of Ajdabiya (CNN). Everyone has their own view on the Libyan civil war even the media. The Medias perspective on the Libyan civil war is that it is unacceptable. They feel that Muammar Gaddafi’s tactics are completely out of line for killing his own people. They also feel that the rebels should stop and let international forces handle Muammar Gaddafi. A CNN reporter stated that â€Å"the rebel forces appear to be in disarray. It’s been a very chaotic effort on the part of opposition fighters from the beginning. They have no command-and-control structure and little discipline. † International Diplomacy Many surrounding countries began to take action to distance them from Libya. The Arab League suspended all Libyan delegates to attend their meetings (euronews). Since Libya is a country within the United Nations one of their responsibilities is to protect its population and with all of the killing of their citizens Libya is clearly not upholding that responsibility. The United Nations Security Council decided to put some sanctions against Libya by putting a travel ban and freezing the assets of Muammar Gaddafi’s family and other Libyan figure heads (euronews). Since Gaddafi could not comply with the reminder made earlier to protect its population, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously suspended Libya from the human rights council (foxnews). The United Nations Security Council international criminal court opened an investigation against Muammar Gaddafi, his sons, and his close political circle for crimes against humanity. Muammar Gaddafi and his family assets were frozen in certain countries (euronews). The United States response to the Libyan problem was that it was unacceptable. President Barack Obama said that â€Å"Muammar Gaddafi has lost the legitimacy to rule and need to do what is right by his country and leave now (cbsnews). † Twenty-seven leaders of the European Union countries put together a no-fly zone request with the support of the Arab league and the United Nations. The no-fly zone was passed unanimously. In an attempt to help the civilians of Libya American, French and British navies and air forces launched cruise missiles and airstrikes against Libyan military positions and their communication facilities (CNN). Conclusion After reviewing my information and observing it I came to the conclusion that Muammar Gaddafi needs to go. Forty-Two years has been long enough for Gaddafi there should be another leader for the country of Libya from the beginning he has been changing things in Libya and he now has to recognize that there needs to be a change in leadership for Libya. The people have clearly spoken and they are ready for a new leader. From my perspective of the situation in Libya I believe that it is unacceptable. No leader from any country should be allowed to kill his people and not expect to be checked about it. Since Libya is a part of the United Nations they should up hold the united nation laws one of them being â€Å"protect your population†. Muammar Gaddafi is clearly not upholding that law. I also believe that there should be more discipline to handle the situation in Libya. I don’t think that rebels should be the ones to take care of the work because they have no training and especially no discipline. For the rebels there is no sense of organization because they don’t have communication abilities the Gaddafi has. While I don’t believe that a country should go to war with Libya I do believe that troops from different countries put together should go in and try to deter the situation. Even though the United Nations put up sanctions like the no-fly zone and the countries that support the no-fly zone is helping by sending air strikes and other forms of attack the innocent people of Libya have suffered enough it has been going on since February and it needs to end now.

The Building Of Brand (Nike)

This shoe placed Nikkei on the map, and after it came out, all other brands had to offer similarly shock-absorbent soles. In 1972, Phil Knight (Nines founder and current CEO), was able to convince several marathoners to wear Nikkei shoes during the Olympic trials in Eugene, Oregon, where the company started. Later, Nikkei ran a campaign saying that â€Å"Nines were worn by four of the top seven finishers†. Sponsorship had begun. In October 1 982, Nikkei aired its first three national television ads, during the broadcast of the New York City Marathon.They ran TV commercials cause back then it was so easy to target their audience: most of them would be watching the marathon. There were fewer channels and fewer media outputs. About Nikkei & Product Positioning Nikkei was named after the Greek goddess for ‘Victory'. Today, it dominates the global sports footwear market. The company started focusing on making running shoes, but over time they became associated with the athlet e subculture, which allowed them to expand into other areas. They learned they had to stay within the athletic category though -they tried selling everyday shoes and it didn't work out.Currently, it's the largest seller of athletic footwear and athletic apparel in the world, with over 700 stores worldwide, over 40,000 employees and generating more than $21 billion a year in sales. It's recognized everywhere by their trademark â€Å"swoosh† logo. History Brand Overview Nikkei advertising has become one of the most effective emotional branding examples in the marketing world today. They use the old technique of Heroism to inspire customer loyalty all over the world: the battle is between our lazy side and our healthy side. Our laziness is the villain, and we become the heroes.We all see the hero in ourselves, and therefore this message appeals to everyone on the planet. The brand strategy isn't to make you think you need Nikkei gear in order to succeed, but that you actually wa nt it because you succeed. The product is downplayed, and the ego of the customer is lifted up. The Product Dream We are all athletes. We are all heroes. We achieve great things. We win, every single battle. Garage Newell talks about a 5-step formula, that he claims is present in every Nikkei commercial, and it shows the hero overcoming great struggles. That's the promise: you are a winner, that's why you choose Nikkei.

Character, theme and narrative in the soap opera Essay

From watching one particular episode of the famous soap ‘Eastenders’ I was able to attain plenty of information and reference to certain areas of a soap. There are specific codes and conventions to particular narratives that are easy to identify. Obviously in each soap, the same sort of things occur and the audience can recognise this, thus such an appeal for soaps. In this single episode of ‘Eastenders’, the themes included are easily identifiable as being part of a soap. It includes all the drama in everyday life within one session of 30minutes. We are able to see potential fights, arguing, loving and a typical ‘goodie’ and ‘baddie’ scenario. Also there is mention of wedding and divorce, evidently showing mixed emotions. Furthermore, a noticeable feature of Eastenders is that there is a comic relief – as there is a build up of suspense and tension, then a scene change to ‘Patrick’ who supplies the audience with moments of laughter, along with a small selection of other characters. Location is an immense feature to Eastenders. There are a number of places you anticipate to be featured in each episode – the Queen Vic pub being the most notorious. Also within one street (square) there is 6 places of work – all featured in this one episode. The jobs all being inter-gender and featuring different types of characters who play different roles with a wide range of age gaps. Ie. Garage, launderette, cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, E20 nightclub and a B & B. In this 30 minute slot, which in Eastenders’ time is one full day – from early morning to late night, we are able to see the pub closed, quiet and busy. Also when the pub is featured, the concentration is only on a conversation involving just two people, although you can hear other characters in the atmos, they are not seen. This is where camera angles become important. ‘Over the shoulder’ shot is most commonly featured throughout when showing a clip of two characters talking. Also whilst in the middle of a conversation there is a sharp camera swap to a close -up view of the person speaking, which only last for a few seconds. These are things that the audience take for granted but need plenty of thought and trials. There is only one point in the episode where one person is shown alone – this being Peggy Mitchell who is talking to herself and allowing the viewers to empathise with her and share her emotions. She is a dominant family-heading female who is stressing her unhappiness to the viewers. This is when we see a wider range of camera angles used as the photographers want us to see her differently and also let us see the setting and background which is a clever tactic so we can recognise where she is and what her method of thinking is. Also the cameras seem a similar distance away from each character, and this means they never raise their voice and throughout the same volume of speech is enforced. A synopsis of what is actually happening in the episode is a number of storylines revolving around each other – most of them having some sort of link or connection. The storylines are as follows : * Phil Mitchell after his disturbed ex-wife Lisa and his baby * A triangle love situation between Little Mo, ‘comical’ Billy and ‘Mr. Nasty’ Trevor. * Sonia’s relationship with both Gus and Jamie * Janine’s flirting and misleading – this linking into events occurring in the bed and breakfast. * Tom’s mental state of mind * Jim Brannan losing his job and Ricky in desperate need of one There is also other small ones developing but these are the main pinpointed ones. The storylines are age specific, therefore aimed at a wide range of viewers. In addition to this as storylines build up and characters become uneased in the episode, there seems to be no atmos/background music to dramatise the situation, which is a convention often employed by soap-makers. No music at all is used throughout the episode, excluding the catchy and easily remembered theme tune at the beginning of the soap. Also the mini-cliffhangers at the conclusion of the soap is followed by the distinctive tune. This soap, like most others has no graphics used or clear use of modern hi-tech technology. There is just a simple, straightforward map of the East end of London at the beginning with the River Thames flowing through. This being very eye-catching and appealing. On the whole it is obvious to see that one 30minute episode of a soap can include so much detail, information and thought.

The Wright Brothers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Wright Brothers - Research Paper Example Before they developed the first aero plane, they had a shop with bicycles, motors and printing press in Dayton, Ohio (Palamana, 20). Their bicycle work greatly influenced their discovery as they learnt with time that an unstable object could be controlled with practice (Fred, 109). They were so enthusiastic about photography and it soon became an important part of their new discovery. Their new portable cameras enabled them to learn from the mistakes they made and also it was used as proof of their eventual success (Wright, 223). Their achievement was basically both artistic and technological bearing in mind that the artists were among the first ones to celebrate their discovery (Gavin, 73). Soon after, they found out that their invention was not warmly received in their home country and they set off for Europe in 1908. While in France, they encountered a more willing society and they consequently enjoyed celebrity lifestyle which included constantly being hosted by the royals, state presidents and the press (Gaffney, 220). They could also sell their aero planes to other European nations before returning to the United States in 1909. To date, the Wright brothers are credited as the pioneers and inventors of the first successful airplane and the first powered and sustained heavier than air human flight (James,

Comprehensive exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comprehensive exam - Essay Example The mission of the company is giving customers the best value for their money available anywhere as well as providing them with the necessary information for making informed buying decisions. The company goals for the next five years include: 1. Remaining profitable 2. Business growth and 3. Customer service The business not only considers its own goals but also values the goals of the various stakeholders like its employees, the community, lenders and ultimately its customers. Therefore, the company values positive relations with vendors, the community, employees, lenders, and even though the company has set customer goals, the company values additional goal of improving customer lives by offering them products or services they need. As a manager in the company, I would use leadership theories to develop inner leadership skills and learning basic knowledge through experience. The skills include self-assessment like looking at my personal leadership skills, internal motivators like t he thing that motivates to be a leader as well as the personal professional vision. Ultimately, leadership theories focus on whether a leader is real and honest and skills on self-knowledge, regulation and self-concept that focus on values and belief of an individual. Servant leadership asks an employee to do what the leader is willing to do by himself moreover servant leadership ensures a leader works with the employees by employing the skills of empathy, motivation of employees as well as active listening. As well, transformational leadership theories encourage employees, ensure that the employees do their best, and foster close relation with employees by using skills that ensure employees devote to their tasks combined with skills for encouraging employees. The essential group information for ensuring that the group succeeds includes background factors like personality, gender, age attitudes, values and fundamental interpersonal relations orientation. Small groups share three nee ds that help fulfill tasks and the needs include inclusion, which ensures that a group increases its productivity, accomplish goals and meet more customer needs. For the small group, information on control is useful since it would help deal with the need to lead and develop power over other people; as well affection enhances friendship and closeness between people. Information on age would be essential since communication patterns change with time from childhood through adolescence to adulthood and old age. Personality information of people within the group is helpful to a manager since it offers information on how people behave; therefore, in looking for a dynamic group I would have to figure out how to work with the various personalities of individuals within the group and watching how they perform. Moreover, information on attitudes of individuals within the group is crucial since it enables me act accordingly with each individual and help correct those attitudes that do not supp ort the business initiatives. As well, information on values of individuals within the group is essential to the success of the group in enhancing the company goals and attaining them. Moreover, in the group communication is key point since it affects the development of the group therefore information of the various forms of communication and their possible impacts on the development of the group is essential. Intentional communication is essential in communicating purpose to the group, persuading others, getting points across and

Reflection 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflection 8 - Essay Example Land conservation efforts and environmental conservation efforts aimed at leading the world towards an environment where each person plays a responsible role in leading to protection of the environment. The writer advocates people to look at eating as agricultural act rather than an agricultural product that many people consider it as. (Berry, p.65) Specialization in production is an aspect that is considered to lead to specialization in consumption through which some species can survive the wrath of man and hence sustenance. The dependent nature of the populations on the consumption of agricultural products has an effect on the environmental activities that take place in the world. Most of the consumption is on products essential to man and hence the difficulty in protecting the species and ensuring that environmental efforts in conservation prove successful. The consumption levels differ and the efforts to introduce genetically modified foods indicate the desperate measures of the human population in dealing with the environmental effects and in trying to prepare for a total food lack. These indicate the pleasure of eating that people are working hard to protect and hence leaving the world at risk of more environmental